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A  &?( 
A   SYNOPSIS 


OF 


ENGLISH  AND  AAIERICAN 
LITERATURE. 


BY 

G.    J.    SMITH,   B.A., 

Instructor  in  English,  "Washington,  D.C.,  High  School. 


»      i  » -  •     • 

» « • 


►  sXKck*-,--—  •        ....it  •  . 


,.....■.',■      .    ■      •> 


BOSTON,    U.S.A.: 

PUBLISHED   BY   GINN  &  COMPANY. 

1891. 


^ 


V 


Copyright,  1890, 

By  G.   J.    SMI  Til. 


All  Rights  Reserved. 


«  •  • 


Typography  by  J.  B.  Ci  -ins..  &  Co.,  Boston,  CJ.8.A. 

Presswihik  p.-,  (HNS  \  i  ....  Boston,  i        \. 


PREFACE. 


A  LTHOUGH  this  summary  of  our  literature  is  especially  in- 
tended  for  the  use  and  convenience  of  teachers  and  students, 
it  is  believed  to  be  not  without  value  for  the  general  reader.  In 
its  preparation  the  effort  has  been  to  condense  much  information 
Avithin  narrow  limits.  The  majority  of  persons  have  neither  oppor- 
tunity nor  inclination  to  read  formidable  works  on  science  or  lit- 
erature, and  yet  desire  that  general  knowledge  which  an  epitome 
like  this  aims  to  give. 

In  any  chosen  case  there  will  be  found  herein,  (1)  the  author's 
full  name,  (2)  the  dates  of  birth  and  death,  (3)  the  class  of  writers 
to  which  he  belongs,  (4)  the  chronological  place  of  that  class  in 
the  development  of  the  literature,  (5)  the  best  known  works  of  the 
author,  (6)  his  contemporaries  at  home  and  abroad,  and  (7)  leading 
events  in  the  general  history  of  his  time.  In  most  cases,  also,  a 
few  words  of  explanation  or  criticism  are  given,  and  the  general 
characteristics  of  the  various  periods  are  briefly  stated  throughout 
the  work.  The  chronological  arrangement  has  not  been  strictly 
followed,  the  grouping  of  the  writers  according  to  the  fields  in 
which  they  have  labored  being  thought  preferable. 

An  author's  relative  importance  is  indicated  by  the  style  of  type 
employed.  This  ranking  is  of  course  largely  suggestive.  Authori- 
ties must  always  differ  widely  in  this  respect,  since  an  opinion  of 
an  author  depends  upon  the  degree  of  acquaintance  with  him, 
upon  individual  tastes,  upon  various  personal  and  accidental  cir- 
cumstances. 

A  ready  means  of  viewing  the  ranking  adopted  in  this  summary 
is  afforded  by  the  recapitulation  given  on  p.  112. 

Attention  is  called  to  the  list  of  books  recommended  for  general 
reading. 


4  Preface. 

The  day  for  studying  literature  from  a  single  text-book  has  gone 
by.  That  the  true  method  consists  mainly  in  reading,  and  so  know- 
ing the  masterpieces  of  literature,  is  becoming  generally  accepted. 
At  the  same  time  the  history  and  the  scope  of  the  literature  must 
not  be  neglected ;  it  is  as  a  convenient  hand-book  and  guide  in  the 
study  of  literary  productions  that  this  book  may  be  useful. 

It  will  be  found  an  excellent  plan  for  English  teachers  to  have 
their  pupils  learn,  first  of  all,  the  general  outline  as  given  at  the 
first  of  the  book. 

Both  the  " historical  column"  and  the  list  of  authors  are  com- 
pletely indexed  so  as  to  render  the  outline  practically  more  val- 
uable. 

Among  others  the  following  authorities  have  been  consulted : 

Shaw  (Manual  and  New  History),  Morley,  Collier,  Brooke 
(Primer),  O.  F.  Adams  (Hand-books),  Gilmore  (Chautauqua  Text- 
Book),  Hart  (American  Literature),  and  the  encyclopaedias  of 
Chambers  and  the  Duyckincks.  To  Dr.  F.  B.  Lane,  principal  of 
the  Washington  High  School,  acknowledgment  is  made  for  sug- 
gestion and  encouragement. 

Washington,  D.C.,  Jan.  G,  1890. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Preface    3 

English  Literature 7 

General  Outline  (with  reference  to  pages) 7 

The  Literature  in  Detail 9 

American  Literature 65 

General  Outline 65 

The  Literature  in  Detail 67 

Summary  of  the  Ranking  of  Authors 112 

List  of  Books  for  General  Reading 113 

Index  to  Historical  Column 118 

Index  to  Authors 121 

5 


A  SYNOPSIS  OF  ENGLISH  LITERATURE. 


I.    GENERAL   OUTLINE. 


PAGE 

A.  ANCIENT  LITERATURE  IN  ENGLAND.    TO  A.D.  1350. 

I.    Before  the  Conquest,  1066 9 

a.  Celtic  (Giklhas) 9 

b.  Anglo-Saxon  (Csedmon,  Bede,  Alfred) 9 

II.    From   the    Conquest,    1066,  to    1350.    [Meikiejohn's 

"Early  English"]  . H 

a.  Latin  (Geoffrey  of  Monmouth,  Roger  Bacon)      ...  11 

b.  Norman-French  (Wace) 12 

c.  Semi-Saxon.      [Morley's      "Transitional     English."] 

(Layamon,  Orm) 12 

B.  EARLY    ENGLISH.     1350-1480.     [Meikiejohn's  "Middle  English."] 

I.    The  Fourteenth  Century  (last  half)  (Chaucer,  Wycliffe),      13 
II.    The  Fifteenth  Century  (to  1480)  (James  l,  Caxton)     .      15 

C.  MODERN  ENGLISH.    1480  TO  THE  PRESENT. 

I.    Period  of  Italian  Influence.    (1480-1680)     •    •    •    •  16 

a.  Renaissance  Era,  1480-1580  (Surrey,  More,  Ascham)  .  16 

b.  Elizabethan  Era,  "  Golden  Age,"  1580-1620  (Spenser, 

Shakespeare,  Bacon) 19 

c.  Puritan  Era,  Cavalier  and  Puritan  Literature,    L620- 

G0 26 

1.  The  Metaphysical  Poets  (Herbert,  Cowley) 26 

2.  Theologians,  etc.,  of  the  Civil  War  and  Commonwealth  (Tay- 

lor, Milton) 28 

d.  Prose    of    the    Restoration    Era,    1660-80    (Hobbes, 

Bunyan) 29 

II.    Period  of  French  Influence.    (1680-1789)   •    •    •    •     :;1 

a.  Dry  den  and  the  Corrupt  Drama  (Dryden,  Wycherley, 

Congreve) 31 

7 


>  Ancient  Literature  in  England. 


l'AUE 


b.  Philosophers  and  Theologians  of  Locke's  Time  (Locke, 

Boyle,  Newton) 32 

c.  Artificial  Poets.     "  Augustan  Age "  (Pope,  Young)      .  33 
(l.   Prose  Writers  of  the  first  half  of  the  18th  century, 

"  Augustan  Age  "  (Addison,  Steele*  Swift)  ...  34 

e.   First  great  Novelists  (Defoe,  Richardson,  Fielding)     .  •">(> 
/.   The    18th    Century    Historians    (Hume,    Eohertson, 

Gibbon) 37 

g.  Miscellaneous   Prose  Writers,  last  half  18th  century 

(Johnson,  Blackstone,  Smith) 37 

h.  The  Orators  (Burke,  Fox,  Pitt,  Sheridan) 40 

k.  Dawn  of  Romantic  Poetry.     (1.   Minor  Poets;  2.  Ma- 
jor; •'!.  Impostors.)      (Gray,  Goldsmith,  Cowper),  40 

111.    Period  of  Modern  Life  (1789  to  the  Present)  •    •    •  43 

a.  The   great   poets   early   in   this   period:    (1)    Scottish 
(Burns,  Scott,   Campbell);    (2)  English  (Byron, 

Moore,  Shelley,  Keats,  Wordsworth,  Coleridge)    .  43 

h.  Dramatists  (Sheridan,  Knowles) 40 

c.   The  literature  of  the  19th  century 47 

1.  Historians    and    Biographers    (Ilallam.    Macaulay,    Fronde, 

Buckle) 47 

2.  Philosophers  (Hamilton,  Mill,  Spencer) 51 

3.  Clergy  (Chalmers,  Whateley) 62 

4.  Physical  Scientists  (Darwin,  Tyndall,  Mailer) 53 

5.  Travellers  (Livingstone) 55 

6.  Reviewers    and    Essayists    (Lamb,    !>'■    Quincey,    Carlyle, 

Ruskin) ",(i 

7.  Novelists  (Scott,  Pmlwer,  Thackeray.  Dickens,  Eliot)     ...  58 

8.  Poets  (Tennyson,  Browning,  Arnold.  Swinburne)     ....  *>'2 


Ancient  Literature  in  England. 


9 


II.    EXPANDED    OUTLINE. 


Note.  —  Poetical  works  will  be  indicated  by  tbe  use  of  "quotation-marks 


The  Literature  Outlined  —  The  Works. 

ANCIENT  OR  PRE-ENGLISH  LITERATURE  IN  ENGLAND. 
TO  1350. 

I.    Before  the  Conquest,  1066. 

The  writing  of  this  period  has  very- 
slight  connection  with  the  succeed- 
ing literature  of  England.  Neither 
the  Celtic  tongue,  the  Anglo-Saxon, 
nor  the  Norman  French  was  fitted 
for  a  high  order  of  literary  composi- 
tion. As  Marsh  observes :  "  Anglo- 
Saxon  literature,  so  far  from  being 
the  mother,  was  not  even  the  nurse 
of  the  infant  genius  which  opened 
its  eyes  to  the  sun  of  England  five 
centuries  ago." 

The  rude  songs  of  Celtic  Bard  or  Saxon 
Gleeman  celebrated  mainly  the  semi- 
legendary  deeds  of  heroes.  The  som- 
bre poems  of  war  and  religion,  with 
the  equally  serious  prose  works  of 
the  learned  Saxons  and  the  later 
Monkish  chroniclers,  constitute  the 
literature  previous  to  the  Conquest. 

a.  Celtic  Writers: 

— A  few  fragmentary  Irish  poems  of 
the  5th  century  survive. 

— In  Wales  were  the  bards  Merlin  and 
Taliesin. 

— Gildhas  (6th  c.).  — History  of  the 
Britons.     (Latin.) 

b.  Anglo-Saxon  Writings: 

1.  Poetry  : 

— Fragments    of   Anglo-Saxon   poems, 

such  as  the  "Battle  of   Finsbor- 

ough,"  are  preserved. 
— "Beowulf,"  a  poem  of  adventure  in 

6000   lines.     The    hero,  Beowulf, 

kills  the  giant  Grendel. 


Contemporary  History. 

B.C.  55.  Roman  Conquest 
of  Britain.  Roman  power 
till  449  A. D. 

31.  Augustus  Caesar  founds 
Roman  Empire. 

4.    Christ  born. 

A.D.  9.  Arminius's  victory 
in  Germany  over  tbe  Ro- 
mans. 

54.    Nero  emperor. 

98.     Trajan. 

323.  Christianity  establish- 
ed by  Constantine,  who 
founds  the  Eastern  Em- 
pire at  Byzantium  (Con- 
stantinople). 

325.    Council  of  Nice. 

410.  Rome  pillaged  by  north- 
ern barbarians. 


449.  Invasion  of  Britain  by 
the  Saxons.  Saxon  power 
continues  till  the  Danish 
conquest,  1017,  but  is  not 
united  until  Egbert's  time, 
827. 

451.  Bat.  Chalons,  Aetius 
defeats  Attila's  Huns. 

475.  Romulus  Augustulus 
last  emperor  of  Rome. 

476.  Fall  of  Rome.  Odoa- 
cer  founds  kingdom  of 
Italy. 


Arthur  and  his  Round  Ta- 
ble,  about  515. 

597.  Conversion  of  the  Sax- 
ons. 

622.  Flight  of  Mohammed 
from  Mecca,  "  The  He- 
gira." 

629.  His  triumphant  re-en- 
trance into  Mecca. 

632.     Mohammed's  death. 

637.  Jerusalem  taken  by 
the   Saracens. 


10 


Literature  before  the  Conquest^  1066. 


H44 ?  Cambridge-  I'niversity 
founded.  (Some  say  in 
Alfred's  reign.) 


711.  Africa  and  Spain  con- 
quered by  Saracens. 

732.  Battle  of  Tours.  Sara- 
cen progress  checked  by 
Charles   Martel  (694-741). 

755.  The  Pope  made  a  tem- 
poral prince. 

708-814.  Charlemagne  (b. 
742)  in  France. 

786-808.  Haroun  al  Raschid, 
Caliph  of  Bagdad. 

787.  The  Danes  first  land 
in  Great  Britain. 

827.  Saxon  Heptarchy  con- 
solidated by  Egbert,  first 
king  of  England  (d.  839). 


Anglo-Saxon  power  (till 
1017)  : 

— Ethelwolf ,  830 ;  — Eth- 
elred, 857;  —Alfred  the 
Great,  871-901. 

884.     Charles     the     Fat     of 

France. 
887.    Separate  establishment 

of  France,  Germany,  Italy, 

and  Burgundy. 

912.  Normans  settle  in 
France. 

—Edward,  901;  — Atliel- 
stan,  925;  — Edmund, 
941;  — Edred,948;  — Ed- 
wy,  955;  — Edgar,  959; 
—Edward  II.,  975;  — 
Ethelred,  979-1016. 

980.  A  second  Danish  inva- 
sion. 

987.  Hugh  Capet  founds  in 
France  the  Capetian  dy- 
nasty. 

—  Edmund,  1010. 


Danish  line  (1017-41): 

— Canute, liH7;  — Harold, 
1035;  — Hardlcannte, 
1039. 


s, iron*  rettored  (i04i-oo) : 

— Edward  the  ConfeM- 

or,  1041;  —Harold,  L068, 
defeated  at  Hastings  by 
William  the  Conquer- 
or. 

Afacbeth,  king  of  Scotland, 

died  about  1058 


—  ( 'tut I, ii mi's  ••  Paraphrase  of  the  Scrip- 
tures"—680  A.I.. 

"Ne  waes  her  tha  giet,  nymthe  heolster- 
sceado, 
Wihi  geworden  ;  ac  thes  wida  grund 

Stod  (li'np  and  tlim."  —  The  Creation. 

— Cynewulf    (d.    780?).     "Elene."— S< 
of  poems  relating  to  Christ. 

2.  Prose  : 

In  La/in  : 

— Aldhem  (656-709).     A  bonk  of  Riddles. 

— The  Venerable  Bede  or  Baeda  (673- 
735).  Wrote  many  treatises,  1  >ut- 
especially  a  valuable  ecclesiastical 
History  of  England. 

— Alcuin  (736-804).  ( Lived  alter  792 
in  France,  under  Charlemagne.) 
Treatises,  Letters,  and  a  few 
Poems. 

— John  Scotus,  Erigena  (d.  877)  (an  Irish 
scholar).     On  the  Division  of  Nature. 

— Dunstan  (925-988)  (a  learned  monk).  The- 
ological works. 

— Asser  (d.  910?).  A  Lite  of  Alfred  (of 
some  value). 

In  Anglo-Saxon  : 
—Alfred  (829-901).  (Greatly  influ- 
ential in  encouraging  learning.) 
Many  translations,  among  them 
Boethius  on  the  Consolations  of 
Philosophy,  Bede's  Ecclesiastical 
History,  and  tin1  Ancient  History 
of  Orosius. 

"  I'Yla  spella  him   sacduii  tha    Beormas," 
etc. 

— The  monks  who  wrote  the  Saxon 
CJironicle,  covering  from  55  b.c. 
to  1154  A.n.  It  contains  several 
poems,  as  "Athelstan's  Song  of 
Victory"  (year 938).  (TheChron- 
iele  is  interesting  and  valuable, 
though  at  first  crude  and  frag- 
mentary.) 

— Alfric  (.1.  L006)  (the  "Gramma- 
rian").    Eighty  Homilies.      Look 


Ancient  English  Li/cntfia-f. 

of  Latin  Colloquy.     Translations 
of  parts  of  the  Old  Testament. 


11 


II.    From  the  Conquest,  1066,  to  1350.- 
Anglo-Normans. 

William  the  Conqueror  brought  with 
him  the  Norman  Feudalism,  with  its 
lordly  barons  and  degraded  serfs ;  its 
castles,  moats,  and  drawbridges ;  its 
Wambas  and  Robin  Hoods ;  its  trou- 
badours or  wandering  minstrels,  men 
of  no  small  esteem  and  importance ; 
and  its  armor-clad  knights,  —  chival- 
rous defenders  of  fair  ladies,  brave 
champions  in  battle  or  tournament. 
There  were  annalists  of  the  glorious 
and  the  cruel  deeds  of  the  time  — 
annalists  cloistered,  silent,  sober,  but 
who  sought  amusement  in  compila- 
tions of  quaint  tales,  The  Gesta. 

For  nearly  three  hundred  years  the 
slow  amalgamation  of  ruling  Nor- 
mans and  enslaved  Saxons,  with  the 
fusion  of  their  languages  resulting 
in  English,  was  in  progress. 

a.  The  Latin  writings  of  numerous  Monk 
Historians.  .  Omitting  special  notice 
of  Ingulphus,  Joseph  of  Exeter, 
and  others,  the  following  as  the 
more  important  writers  may  be 
named : 

—William  of  Malmesbury  (b.  1006).  His- 
tory of  the  English  Kings  (l)e  Gestis 
Reguin),  .and  English  Prelates. 

—John  of  Salisbury  (d.  1182).  Polycraticon 
(an  erudite  satire  on  philosophy). 

— Hilarius  (12th  century).  Three  miracles, 
or  mysteries  (see  p.  21).  "Raising  of 
Lazarus." 

—Robert  Grosseteste  (1175-1253).  Very 
voluminous  writer  on  science,  philosophy, 
and  religion. 

—Walter  Map  (or  Mapes)  (b.  1143) 
("  brilliant,  earnest ").  *Stories 
of  King  Arthur,  De  Nugis  Curi- 
alium  (Trifles  of  Courtiers). 


Xorman  line  (1000-1154)  : 
-William  I.,  1066.    21  yr. 


1076,  Turks  (whose  capital 
was  Bagdad)  capture  Je- 
rusalem. 


107:1-90.     Papal    power  des- 
potic. 


-William  II.,  1087.   13yr. 


1095.    First  Crusade.   Insti- 
gated bv  l'eter  the  Hermit. 


1099.     Godfrey  of  Bouillon 
in  Jerusalem. 


—  Henry  I.,  1100.     35  yr. 


First  miracle  play,  1120. 


-Stephen,  1135.     19  yr. 


1149.     Second  Crusade. 


1152-90.     Frederick    Barba- 
rossa  in  Germany. 


llobin  Hood,  English  outlaw 
(12th  century). 


12 


Transitional  and   Early   English. 


Plantagenet  line    1 154— 

13<jy)  : 

-Henry  II.,  1154.     35  yr. 


1154.    English  in  jmblic  doc- 
uments forbidden. 


Archbishop  Thomas  a  Beck- 
et  (b.  Ill")  killed  at  Can- 
terbury (1170)  by  Henry's 
orders. 


1172.     Conquest  of  Ireland. 
—Richard  I.,  1189.    10  yr. 
11S9.     Third  Crusade. 
—John,  1199.    17  yr. 


Saint  Dominic,  1170-1221, 
Spanish  founder  of  Domin- 
ican Order. 


1204.     Fourth  Crusade. 

1213.     Children's  Crusade. 

1215.  Magna  Charta  grant- 
ed by  John  :it  llunnymede. 

—Henry  III.,  1216.    56  yr. 

1228.     Fifth  Crusade. 

1233.  Inquisition  establish* 
ed  in  Spain. 

Genghis  Khan,  1103-1227. 
great  Mogul  conqueror  of 
Asia. 

1265.  English  House  of 
Commons  instituted  by 
Simon  de  Montjktrt. 

—Edward  I.,  1272.     35  yr. 

House  of  Hapsburg  in  <  ier- 
many,  127.':. 

1283.     Conquest  of  Wales. 

1291.  Capture  of  Acre  by 
the  Mohammedans. 

—Edward  H.,1807.   20yr. 

Dante,  1266-1301.  Great  [tal- 
ian  epic  poet.  The  I>i\  Ine 
Comedy.  (*'  Hell,  Purga- 
tory, ami  Paradise.") 

Wallace,  Scotch  patriot,  de- 
feated and  banged,  1306. 


— Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  (d.  1154). 
History  of  the  Britons  (preserving 
the  Tales  of  King  Arthur). 

— Thomas  Aquinas  (1224-74)  (called  the  "  an- 
gelic doctor  "  ).     A  noted  theologian. 

—Matthew  Paris  (lL'-'io-TM) .  1 1  ist  oria  Maj<  »r. 
(Other  works  similar.) 

—William  of  Occam  (1280-1:547),  the  "in- 
vincible doctor."     Theologian. 

—Roger  Bacon  (1214-92).  Opus  Ma- 
jus,  Opus  Minus.  Both  on  sci- 
ence. 

— Thomas  of  Ercildoun.     "  Sir  Tristrem  "  (a 

story  for  recitation,  which  the  minstrels 
speedily  corrupted) . 
—Duns  Scotus  (1205-1308),  the  "  subtle  doc- 


tor. 


Scottish  theologian  and  logician. 


—Richard  de  Bury  (1281-1:315).     Philobiblon 
(on  the  love  of  books). 

—Ralph  Higden  (d.  1363),  wrote  Mira- 
cle Plays  (probably  the  24  "  Ches- 
ter Plays"),  and  a  history,  Poly- 
chronicon  (in  7  books). 

b.  Norman  French.     The  trouveres,  singing 

in  the  "  Langue  d'Oyl,"  have  left  no 
names  to  posterity.     Best  known  of 
the  writers  in  French  is 
— Wace     (1112-84),    who    Avrote    the 
"Brut    d'Angleterre,"  a   versiiird 
History  of  the  Britons  (see  Geof- 
frey). 

c.  Semi-Saxon.     What    Morley    calls    the 

Transitional  English. 
— Layamon  (living,  1180).  The  "Brut" 

(a  superior  translation  and  enlarge- 
ment of  AVace's  poem). 

"  To  nilit  a  mine  slepe, 
Ther  ich  laei  on  bure, 
Mt'i  maette  a  sweuen  ; 

Ther  uore  ich  fid  sari  acm." 

—  Account  <>/  Arthur's  Dream. 

— i)rm  or  Orniin  (living,  1240).  The 
"Ormulum,"  a  series  of  homi- 
lies, in  verse  without  the  usual 
alliD'i'al  ion. 

"Tliiss  boc  is  nemmnedd  Orrmulum, 
Forrthi  than  Orrm  iti  wrohhte." 


Formative  or  Early   English   Period. 


13 


— Robert  of  Gloucester  (1298),  Robert  .Man- 
ning, author  of  "  Handlynge  Synne," 
and  Robert  of  Brunne  (1330?)  wrote 
Rhyming  Chronicles  (using  many  words 
of  French  origin). 

— Romances  in  poetry  ("Havelok  the 
Dane,"  "Romance  of  King-  Alex- 
ander," 1280),  and  Ballad*,  like 
the  "  Owl  and  the  Nightingale " 
(by  Nicholas  of  Guildford,  1280), 
a  "  beautiful  little  idyl."  —  "  King 
Horn." 

B.    EARLY  ENGLISH,  OR  FORMATIVE  PERIOD.    1350-1480. 

At  this  time  there  were  no  fewer  than 
four  dialects  of  the  early  English. 
"  What  Dante  did  for  the  dialect  of 
Florence,  Chaucer  did  for  the  East 
Midland  dialect  of  England,"  when 
he  gave  it  such  a  breadth,  richness, 
and  stability  that  it  became  for  all 
time  the  literary  language  of  the 
English-speaking  people.  From  this 
time  the  growth  of  the  language  is 
generally  determined.  Its  basis,  in- 
considerable in  Celtic  and  Danish, 
chiefly  in  Saxon,  Norman,  and  Latin, 
remains  fixed.  Additions,  however, 
are  made  from  time  to  time,  from 
Greek  and  Latin,  especially  during 
the  revival  of  learning;  from  all 
living  languages  more  or  less,  as 
needed;  and  even  from  the  jargon 
and  slang  of  the  vulgar  classes- 

The  fire  kindled  by  Chaucer,  however, 
smouldered  for  a  hundred  and  fifty 
years  in  a  darkness  but  occasionally 
brightened ;  only  to  blaze  forth 
matchlessly  in  the  time  of  the  Vir- 
gin Queen. 

I.   The  Fourteenth  Century  — last  half. 
a.  Poetry: 

— Laurence  Minot  (under  Edw.   III.).     Ten 
celebrative  poems. 


-Henry  III.,  1216.    56  yr. 
-Edward  I.,  1272. 
-Edward  II.,  1307.  20yr. 

-Edward  III.,   1327.    50 

yr. 

-Richard  II.,  1377.    22  yr. 


Battle  of  Bannockburn,  1314. 
Edw.  II.  defeated  by  Rob- 
ert Bruce,  1274-1329,  the 
greatest  of  Scottish  kings. 


Jialiol,    1250-1314,    king    of 
Scotland  (rival  of  Bruce). 


Battle  of  Morgarten,  1315. 
Swiss  victorious,  and  in- 
dependent of  Austria. 


Othman  (1299-1326),  found- 
er of  the  Ottoman  empire. 


1328.   Scottish  independence 
acknowledged. 


1338.  England's  hundred 
years'  war  with  France 
begun. 


L4 


Formative  or  Early  English   Period. 


—  Edward    III.,   1327.     50 
yr. 

—Richard  II.,  1377.  22yr. 


1346.  Battle  Creep;  French 
defeated  by  Edw.  III. — 
(inns  first  used  by  Eng- 
lish. 


About  this  time  begins  a 
reaction  against  French 
in  England. 


Edward  111.  established  the 
use  of  English  in  courts  of 
law. 


Boccaccio,  1313-75,  Italian 
novelist.  Many  later  writ- 
ers borrow  plots  from  his 
"  Decameron  "  and  "  Tes- 
eide." 


1347-50.  Rienzi,  the  last  of 
the  tribunes  at  Rome,  fails 
in  his  rebellion. 


1347-50, 1361 ,  '60.   The  Black 
Death  in  Europe. 


1356.  Battle  Poitiers;  Fr. 
defeated  by  Black  l'rince, 
who  died  1376. 


Tamerlane,  Mogul  conquer- 
or, rises  to  power,  1369.  . 


Bajazet  (1347-1403),  Saltan 
of  the  Ottomans. 


1381.     Writ  Tyler's  revolt. 


1386.    Battle   of    Bempacb; 
[mold   vii    Winkelried. 

killed.  Austriaus  defeated 
by  the  Swiss. 


-John  Barbour  (1326-96).  "The 
Bruce,"  13,000  lines;  "Apostrophe 
to  Freedom." 

"  Alt,  Freedom  is  a  noble  thing, 

It  maketh  man  to  have  liking!" 

-GEOFFREY  CHAUCER  (1328-1400). 

(The  "Morning-  Star  of  English 
Poetry."  Born  in  London.  Fig- 
ured in  political  life.)  His  poems 
are  (Shaw)  — 

1.  Of  the  Chivalric  Type  :  "  Romaunt 

of  the  Rose,"  "Assembly  of  Fowls," 
"  Court  of  Love,"  "Cuckoo  and  the 
Nightingale,"  "  The  Flower  and  the 
Leaf,"  "Boke  of  the  Duchess," 
*  ' '  House  of  Fame. ' ' 

2.  Of  the  Italian  Type:  "Legende  of 

Good  Women,"  "  Troilus  and  Cres- 
seide,"  and  above  all,  "  The  Can- 
terbury Tales.'1'' 

"  Whaun<;  that  April  with  his  shoures  eote 
The  droughte  of  Marche  hath  perced  to  the 
rote," 

— the  first  two  lines  of  the  Prologue. 

-William  Langlande  (d.  1400).  Wrote, 
1362,  the  popular  "  Vision  of  Piers 
Ploughman  "  (a  protest  for  a  pure 
priesthood ;  of  great  influence  with 
the  common  people).  (The  "Crede" 
and  "Complaint"  are  later  imita- 
tions.) Also,  "Do  Wei,"  "Do  Bet," 
and  "  Do  Best."  "  The  Deposition 
of  Richard  II."  (BUM)).—  Opening 
of  the  "  Vision,"  showing  the  pre- 
valent alliteration  : 

"  In  a  somer  seson 
Whan  softe  was  the  somie." 

-John  Gower  (1325-1408).     Chaucer 

speaks  of  his  friend,  "  Moral 
Gower."  Learned,  tedious,  but 
popular  in  his  day.  His  poems 
are  "Confessio  Amantis"  (in  Eng- 
lish) and  ••  Vox  Clamantis." 

"In  a  Cronique  thus  I  rede  ; 
Aboute  a  king,  as  must  nede, 
Ther  was  of  knyghtes  and  squiers 
Gret  route,  and  eke  of  officers." 


Formative  or  Early  English  Verio,]. 


15 


h.  Prose : 

—Sir  Thomas  Malory  (Henry  IV.). 
A  romance,  The  Byrth,  Lif,  and 
Actes  of  Kyng  Arthur  (an  early 
example  of  fine  simple  prose). 
—Sir  John  Mandeville  (1300-72). 
Travels.    (Quaint  and  interesting.) 

Quotation:  "And  yee  schull understonde,  that 
Machainote  was  born  in  Arabye,  that  was 
first  a  pore  knave,"  etc. 

—John  Wycliffe  (1324-84).  Transla- 
tions of  the  Scriptures,  1380  and 
1382.  (His  labors  in  spreading 
the  Scriptures  were  so  influential 
that  he  has  been  called  the  "  Morn- 
ing Star  of  the  Reformation."  By 
his  tracts  and  sermons  —  such  as 
Trialogus  and  TVyckett  —  he  made 
English  popular.) 

Specimen  :  ' '  When  Jhesus  hadde  coinen  doun 
fro  the  hill,"  etc. 

II.    The  Fifteenth  Century,  to  1480. 

a.  Poetry: 

— Andrew  Wyntoun,  a  rhymed  "  Orygynale 
Cronikyl  of  Scotland,"  1420. 

— Thomas  Occleve  (1370-1454).  "  Governeil 
of  Princes,"  "  Story  of  Jonathan."  (Po- 
ems of  little  merit. )     Quotation  : 

"My  mayster  Chaucer,  floure  of  eloquence!  " 

—John  Lydgate  (1370-1460).  (Dif- 
fuse. Great  demand  for  his  poems, 
for  entertainments  and  masks.) 
"Story  of  Thebes,"  "Destruction 
of  Troy,"  "  Falls  of  Princes." 

—James  I.  of  Scotland  (1394-1436). 
"The  King's  Quhair."  (A  long  and 
meritorious  love  poem,  in  "Rhymes 
Royal "  stanzas,  so  named  from  it. 
"Sweet,  tender,  pure.") 

"The  longe  dayes  and  the  nightes  eke,"  etc. 

b.  Prose :   TJie  Introduction  of  Printing. 

—Reginald  Pecock  (1390-1460).  The 
Repressor  of  Overmuch  Blaming 
of  the  Clergy.  (Aimed  against 
the  Lollards.) 


House  <>f  Lancaster  (1399- 

14til) : 

—Henry  IV.,  1399.     14  jr. 
—Henry  V.,  1413.     9  yr. 
—Henry  VI.,  1422.     39  yr. 


1401.   First  Lollard,  follower 
of  Wycliffe,  burnt. 


Van  Eyck,  1390-1440.   Fleru- 
ish  painter. 


1403.      Battle    Shrewsbury; 
Percy  defeated  and  slain. 


1414-18.      Council    of    Con- 
stance ;  Huss  burned . 


1412-31.  Joan  of  Arc, 
French  heroine  (burned  at 
Rouen). 


1415.  BattleAgincourt;Hen- 
ry  V.  defeats  the  French. 


English  language  adopted 
by  House  of  Commons, 
1414? 


1441.  Printing  from  movable 
types  invented  by  Faust. 
Made  public  by  Guten- 
berg, 1454. 


Jack  Cade's  rebellion,  1450. 


16 


Beginning  <>t'   Mm/cm   English. 


House  of  York  (1461-8;')}  : 
—Edward  I  v.,  L461.  22yr. 

—Edward    v.,    HS3.     74 
days. 

—Richard  III.,  1483.  2yr. 


Torquemada,  1420-98,  Span- 
ir.li  inquisitor. 


1455-85.  Ware  of  tlie  Red 
and  the  White  Roses  ( Lan- 
caster and  York). 


Charles  the  Bold,  1433-7'; 
French  duke. 


1455.     Royalists  (red  roses) 
defeated  at  St.  Albans. 


1461.       Battle      Wakefield. 
Duke  of  York  killed. 


1461.  Battle  Towton.  Q. 
Margaret  of  Anjou  (1429- 
82),  def.  by  Warwick,  the 
king-maker  (1420-71),  who 
had  placed  Edward  IV. 
on  the  throne. 


1471.      Warwick     killed    at 
Barnct;  also  Henry  VI. 


1471.  Tewkshury.    Margaret 
defeated  by  Edward  IV. 


1485.  Richard  killed  at  Bob- 
worth.  Henry  of  Rich- 
mond, victorious,  estab- 
lishes the  House  of  Tudor 
(1485-1603). 


—  William  Caxton  (1412-91),  having 
learned  printing  in  Holland,  pub., 
1474,  The  Game  of  the  Chesse. 
In  time  sixty-three  other  books, 
translating  many  himself. 

Specimen  :  "  After  that,  I  had  accomplysshed 
and  Eynysshed  dyuers  hystoryes,"  etc. 

— The  writers  of  the  Paston  Letters 
(1424-1509)  (which  throw  light 
on  the  social  life  of  the  times  as 
well  as  the  history). 

—Sir  John  Fortescue  (1430-80?). 
Tracts.  Absolute  and  Limited 
Monarchies. 

C.   MODERN  ENGLISH.    1480  TO  THE  PRESENT. 

For  a  thousand  years  after  the  fall 
of  Rome  (476),  ignorance,  dissen- 
sion, violence,  filled  the  world  —  a 
millennium  of  darkness.  Learning 
fled  to  the  cloister;  for  the  human 
race  was  disheartened  by  the  down- 
fall of  the  proudest  civilization  it 
had  ever  reared.  Chaucer  was  the 
herald  in  England  of  the  dawn  that 
had  broken  in  Italy.  The  Italian 
Renaissance  of  art  and  literature, 
the  gradual  revival  and  spread  of 
learning  over  Europe,  the  Reforma- 
tion, the  increasing  use  of  printing, 
the  awakening  spirit  of  interest  and 
curiosity  that  encouraged  all  manner 
of  investigation  and  discovery,  now 
began  to  give  that  exultation,  that 
freshness,  to  mental  effort,  never 
known  before  or  since,  which  resulted 
in  the  greatest  age  of  literature. 

I.    Period  of  Italian   Influence.     1480  to 

1680. 

a.  RENAISSANCE   ERA,  TO  1580. 
(Caxton  to  Spenser.) 
I.  Poets: 

— Blind  Harry  (15th  a),  Harry  the 
Minstrel.  Powerful  poems  on  the 
deeds  of  Wallace. 


Modern  English:    Renaissance  E, 


ra. 


17 


—John  Skeltori  (1460-1529).  (His 
"rimes,"  "ragged,  tattered,  and 
jagged,"  but  energetic.)  "Colin 
Clout,"  "Bouge  of  Court,"  "Why 
Come  ye  not  to  Court  ?  " 

—Stephen  Hawes,  1500,  "Pastime  of  Pleas- 
ure" ("a  work  of  no  ordinary  talent"). 

—  William  Dunbar  (1465-1530).  (In 
strength  and  imaginative  power 
the  "  Chaucer  of  Scotland.")  "The 
Thistle  and  the  Rose,"  "The 
Golden  Terge." 

"  And  first  of  all  in  dance  was  Pryd, 
With  hair  wyl'd  bak,  bonet  on  side,"  etc. 

From  "  The  Dance  of  the  Seven  Deadly  Sins." 

— Gawin  Douglas  (1474-1522).  Translated 
with  truth  and  spirit  Ovid's  "Art  of 
Love"  and  the  "JEneid,"  1513,  with 
original  prologues. 

—Robert  Barclay  (d.  1552).  1508,  "Ship  of 
Fools  "  (a  free  translation  from  the  Ger- 
man). 

—Sir  David  Lyndsay  (1490-1557). 
"Meldrum's  Duel,"  "A  Dreme," 
"  Complaint  to  the  King,"  "  Satire 
of  the  Three  Estates,"  1535  (a 
morality  play). 
V  — Howard,  Earl  of  Surrey  (1517-47). 
(Invented  the  Sonnet  and  Blank 
Verse.)  Trans.  "^Eneid."  Son- 
nets ;  sacred  paraphrases ;  a  satire. 

—Sir  Thomas  Wyatt  (1503-42).  (Friend  of 
Surrey.)  Love  songs  and  sonnets.  Sat- 
ires, versified  Psalms. 

— Robert  Henryson  (16th  c).  "vEsop's 
Fabils"  in  verse.  "Testament  of  Cre- 
seid"  (after  Chaucer). 

—Thomas,  Lord  Vaux  (b.  1510).  Minor 
poems.     "  On  a  Contented  Mind." 

—Thomas  Tusser  (1515-80),  a  didactic  poem 
"  Hundreth  Good  Points  of  Husbandrie," 
1557. 

— To  this  time  belong  a  number  of 
Ballads,  authors  unknown,  "Chevy 
Chase,"  "Clym  of  the  Chough," 
"The    Nutbrowne    Maid,"    1502. 


Tudor  line  (1485-1603)  : 

—Henry  VII.,  1485.    24  yr. 

—Henry  VIII. ,1509.  38 yr. 
The  "  much- married  mon- 
arch." (Anne  Boleyn, 
mar.  1533.) 


1492.    America  discovered. 

1492.  Moorish  capital,  Gra- 
nada, taken  by  the  Span- 
ish. 

1493.  Maximilian,  emp.  of 
Germany. 

Da  Vinci,  1452-1519,  a  leader 
in  the  renaissance  of  Ital- 
ian art. 

Be  Soto,  1460-1542,  Spanish 
explorer. 

1462-1505,  Ivan  III.,  Czar. 

Machiavelli,  1469-1527,  art- 
ful Italian  politician  and 
author. 

Numbers  of  Spanish, 
French,  and  English  dis- 
coverers. 

Dr.  Johann  Faust,  German 
necromancer,  flourished 
1500. 

1500.  Brazil  discovered  by 
Cabral. 

1513.    Flodden  Field. 

Leo  X.  (pope,  1513-21)  and 
Lorenzo  de  Medici  (1448- 
92),  patrons  of  literature 
and  art. 

Cesare  Borgia  (1457-1507), 
perfidious  Italian  duke  and 
cardinal.  Lucrezia,  his 
sister,   died   1523. 

Albrecht  Durer,  German 
painter  and  engraver  (1471- 
1528). 

1515.     Wolsey,  cardinal. 

Michael  Angelo  (1474-1563), 
greatest  of  the  Italian 
painters  and  architects. 


burns     the 
Reformation 


1517.      Luther 
Papal  Bull. 

begun. 

1519.  Magellan  circumnavi- 
gates the  globe. 

1520.  Accession  of  Emp. 
Charles  V.  of  Germany. 

1520.  Soliman  II.,  the  Mag- 
nificent. 

Raphael,  1483-1520,  great 
Italian  artist. 

Chevalier  i?a?/flrtf,1475-1524, 
French  warrior,  "  without 
fear  and  without  re- 
proach." 


18 


Modern    English :    Renaissance   Era. 


Tudort    1485  1603): 
—Henry  VII.,  1485.    J4  yr. 

—  Henry  VIII.,  L509.  38yr. 
i  dward  VI.,  1547.  6yr. 
Mary,  1553.    5  yr. 

—  Elizabeth,  1558-1603. 


Copernicus,  147:;-I."i4;t,  great 
German  astronomer.  Stat- 
ed modern  theory  of  the 
Bolar  system. 


AriostO,  1474-1503,  Italian 
author.  "  Orlando  Furi- 
oeo." 


Loyola,  1401-1566,  Spaniard. 
Founded  at  I'aris,  l.">4:;. 
the  society  oi  Jesuits,  with 
Francis  Xavier  (1506-52). 


1520.  The  gorgeous  field  of 
(loth  of  (fold,  where 
Benry  VIII.  met  Francis 
the  French  king. 


Xirinyle,    14S4-1531,     Swisc 
reformer. 


Montezuma  (b.  1480).  The 
last  of  the  Aztec  emperors 
in  Mexico,  conquered  by 
Cortez,  1521. 


Pizarro  in  Peru,  1533,  sub- 
jugates the  I 'tea. 


Luther,  1483-1546,  the  great 
German  reformer. 


1      i.     Wolsey's  fall. 


1534.    Separation  <>t  English 
<  Ihurcb  from  Rome.    Hen 
\\  VIII.  the  bead  "C  the 
( Ihurch.   1538,  monasteries 
suppressed. 


inethon,  1407-1660,  Ger 
man  leader  of  the  Refor- 
mation after  Luther.   1580, 

the  Augsburg  Confession. 


(Tlir\  are  collected  in  Percy's 
Reliques,  latter  part  18th  century. 
See  p.  4."!.) 

"The  Perse1  owt  of  Northombarlande, 
And  ;i  vowe  to  I  <<  "1  mayd  he 
That  he  wolde  hum  in  the  m<  >untayns 
•  ijB  Chyvial  within  dayes  thre, 
Jh  the  manger  of  doghti  Doglas 
And  all  that  ever  with  him  be." 

—  Chevy  Chase. 

2.  Prose  Writers  : 

— Lord  Berners.  In  1523  translated 
Froissart's  Chronicle.  History  of 
Arthur. 

—Sir  Thomas  jtfbre (1480-1535).  The 
philosophical  romance,  Utopia 
(Nowhere ;  a  fanciful  account  of 
an  ideal  republic).  A  Life  of 
Edward  V.  ("the  first  example 
of  good  English  language."  — 
Ilallam). 

— Hugh  Latimer  (1472-1556),  the  mar- 
tyr. Sermons ;  one  on  The  1'lough- 
ers.     (Style  plain,  direct,  shrewd.) 

—Sir  Thomas  Elyot  (d.  1546).    The  Governor 
(on  education).. 

—Robert  Fabyan  (1450-1512).  Con- 
cordance of  Historyes. 

—Edward  Hall  (1499-1547).  Houses 
of  York  and  Lancaster,  a  history 
to  1532. 

[Fabyan  and  Hall  made  the  first  attempts  at 
studied  literary  discussion  of  history.    The 
development,    beginning  with    poetical  le- 
gends,  includes  the  chronicles  pf  the  monk 
and  ttoii\ere,  the  systematic  narrative,  and 
finally    the   modern    philosophical   history. 
Shaw,  p.  71  —  New  History.)] 
—John  Leland  (1506-62)   (the  "King's  An- 
tiquary").    Antiquarian  researches. 
— rohn    Knox    (1505-72).      History    of    the 

Scottish  Reformation. 
—George  Buchanan  (1506-82).     The  Psalms 
(Lat.).      The    Chameleon.       History    of 
Scotland. 

—Roger  Asthma  (15J  5-68).  (Tutor  of 
Laily  Jane  Grey  and  Elizabeth.) 


Elizabethan  Era. 


19 


Toxophilus   (1545),  Schoolmaster 
(1570 ;  a  scholarly  book,  still  val- 
uable). 
—John  Fox  (1517-87).     Book  of  Mar- 
tyrs (1565 ;  simple  and  popular). 

Translators  of  the  Bible : 
—William  Tyndale  (1477-1536).     Tr. 

the  New  Testament. 
—Miles  Coverdale  (1483-1565).  First 
publisher  of  the  whole  Bible 
(1535).  Edited  the  Cranmer  Bible, 
1639. 
-Thomas  Cranmer  (1489-1556).  Ed- 
ited the  Book  of  Common  Prayer, 
1549  ("on  the  whole,  a  fine  ex- 
ample of  stately  prose"). 

Chief  English  Bibles  : 

a.  Manuscript  Bibles  :  Aldhem,  Psalms, 
700  ;  Alfred,  portions,  850;  Alfric,  Old 
Testament,  990;  Wycliffe,  New  Testa- 
ment,   1380,    Old    Testament,    1382. 

b.  Printed  Bibles :  Tyndale's  New  Tes- 
tament, 1525-30;  Coverdale's  "Great 
Bible,"  1535;  "Thomas  Matthews" 
(J.  Rogers),  1537  ;  "  Cranmer's  Bible," 
1539-40;  the  "Bishops'  Bible,"  1568; 
the  "Genevan"  Bible,  1560  or  1570; 
the  Rheims  New  Testament,  1582;  the 
Douay  Bible  (from  the  Vulgate) ,  1009; 
King  James  Bible  (authorized  ver- 
sion), 1611;  recent  Revised  Bible, 
1881. 

b.   THE   ELIZABETHAN  EKA,   1580   TO 

1620. 

The  "Golden  Age"  of  Literature. 
Spenser,  Shakespeare,  and  Bacon, 
and  a  host  of  less  illustrious  men 
who  in  any  other  age  would  have 
ranked  among  the  most  eminent, 
make  this  an  age  of  great  intellec- 
tual splendor. 

Spenser  produced  the  great  romantic 
epic.  Hooker  as  a  learned  theolo- 
gian, Raleigh  as  a  scholarly  historian, 
Bacon  as  the  far-seeing  philosopher 
of  Induction,  —  a  doctrine  that  has 


Titian,  1477-1566?,  greatest 
of  Venetian  painters. 


Correggio,  1494-1534,  Italian 
painter. 


Rabelais,  1495-1533,  French 
satirist.  "  Story  of  Gar- 
gantua  and  Pantagruel." 


( 'alvin,  1509-64,  Freneh-Eng- 
lish  theologian.  Estab- 
lished Presbyterianism. 
"Institutes  of  Theology." 


1559-60.     Scottish  Reforma- 
tion  under  Knox. 


The  emperor  Charles  V. 
abdicates,  1556;  his  son, 
Philip  II.  of  Spain,  was 
husband  to  Mary  of  Eng- 
land. 


1562.    Slave  trade  begun. 


—Henry VIII.,  1509.  38yr. 

—Edward  VI.,  1547.    6  yr. 

— Mary,  1553.    5  yr. 
—Elizabeth,  1558-1603.  45 
yr. 


Cecil,  Lord  Burleigh,  1520- 
98,  Lord  Treasurer  of  Eng- 
land. 


Dudley,  Earl  of  Leicester, 
1532-88,  favorite  of  Eliza- 
beth. (Read  Scott's  "Ken- 
ilworth.") 


20 


Elizabethan    Era. 


-Klizabetli,  1558   1603. 


Camoens,  Portuguese  poet, 
1517  -79,  "The  Lusiad." 


Savonarola,    1552-98,    Ital- 
ian reformer. 


William  tin  Silent,  1553-84, 

founder  of  the  Dutch  He- 
public 


Arminius,  1560-1609,  Dutch 
reformer. 


1572.    Massacre  of  St.  Bai 

tbolomew.     Thousands  of 

Buguenote  Blain  in  Paris 
alone.  ( Catharine  de'  Me- 
dici in  power. 


reformed  the  scientific  world,  —  and 
the  surpassingly  qualified  translators 
who  produced  the  King  James  Bible, 
would  have  made  any  age  luminous 
in  history;  while  of  this  one  the 
culminating  glory  was  the  drama  as 
developed  by  the  greatest  of  writers, 
William  Shakespeare. 

".  Non-dramatic: 

— George  Gascoigne  (1530-77).  "The 
Steel  Glass  "  (our  first  long  satire). 

—  Thomas  Sackville  (1536-1608).     The 

meritorious  parts  of  "The  Mirror 
for  Magistrates"  (stories  from 
English  history  in  verse).  (See 
also  p.  22.) 
—Michael  Drayton  (1553-1631).  "P<  >ly- 
olbion "  (a  vast  history  and  de- 
scription of  the  "isle  of  Britain"  ; 
a  unique  "poetical  ramble"), 
"Nymphidia"  ("exquisite"), "The 
Barons'  Wars."  "England's  He- 
roical  Epistles,"  1598. 

—  William  Warner  (1558-1609).     "Albion's 

England"    (a  versified    history,   clever, 
popular,  full  of  stories). 

— Sir  Philip  Sidney  (1554-1586)  (gen- 
tleman, courtier,  soldier,  author, 
rarely  accomplished).  Love  Son- 
nets, "Astrophel  and  Stella." 
(Sidney  again,  p.  25.) 

—EDMUND  SPENSER  (1553-09). 
("Brilliant  imagination,  fertile  in- 
vention, flowing  rhythm.''  —  Cha- 
teaubriand.) "The  Shepherd's 
Calendar  (1580),  "Amoretti,"  Son- 
nets, "Colin  Clout's  come  Home 
Again."  -  Epithalamium "  (1595), 
"The  Faerie  Queene"  (1590-9.")) 
[which  last  was  a  moral  and  polit- 
ical (and  at  length  tedious?)  alle- 
gory in  six  books].  Also  a  View 
of  the  State  of  Ireland.    (Spenser's 


Poets  of  Elizabethan   Era. 


21 


home  was  for  a   time  Kilcolman 
Castle,  Ireland.) 

-Fulke  Greville,  Lord  Brook  (1554-1628), 
long  obscure  poems,  "  Human  Learning," 
"Wars,"  etc. 

— George  Chapman  (1557-1634).  Fine 
translations  of  the  "Iliad"  and 
"  Odyssey."  (His  work  is  unique, 
powerful,  spirited.)  Also  a  dra- 
matist. 

— Robert  Southwell  (1560-95).  "Times  Go 
by  Turns,"  "  Content  and  Rich." 

—Samuel  Daniel  (1562-1619)  ("  well- 
languaged  Daniel  ").  Lyrics,  such 
as  "Hymen's  Triumph."  A  ver- 
sified "History  of  the  Wars  of 
the  Roses."  A  History  of  Eng- 
land (to  Edward  III.)  ;  a  few 
dramas. 

—Sir  Henry  Wotton  (1508-1009) .  ' '  Charac- 
ter of  a  Happy  Life."  Some  prose 
treatises. 

—Sir  John  Davies  (1570-1620).  "The  Or- 
chestra" (gay,  bright),  "  Nosce  Teipsum" 
(condensed,  didactic). 

—Edward  Fairfax  (d.  1032).  A  "faithful 
and  vigorous "  translation  of  Tasso's 
"Jerusalem  delivered."  "Eclogues," 
Demonology. 

— William  Drummond  (1585-1647). 
(Though  a  Scotchman,  "entirely 
English  and  Elizabethan."  — 
Brook.)  Sonnets,  "On  Sleep"; 
"  On  John  the  Baptist "  ;  graceful 
love  sonnets;  "Elowers  of  Zion." 

—Joseph  Hall  (1574-1656).  "Virgide- 
marium,"  a  collection  of  satire* 
(1597 ;  energetic,  and  readable 
still).     The  Pleasure  of  Study. 

.  Dramatic: 
[Note  on  the  Dawn  of  the  Drama.  —  The  de- 
velopment seems  to  have  been  as  follows  : 

1 .  Miracles.     Scenes  from  Bible  history. 
—Oldest  MS.   1350.     Ex.  —  Cain  and  Abel. 

Fall  of  Man. 

2.  Mysteries.     Dramatizing  the  lives  of  the 

saints. 


— Elizabeth,  1558-1603. 


The  Stuarts  (1G01-S8)  : 
— James  I.,  lGOo-'Jo. 
Muni  Stuart,  Queen  of 
Scots,  1542-87,  behead- 
ed by  Elizabeth's  order. 
(Read  Lamartine's  "  Life 
of  Mary  Stuart.") 


Ttlzzio  (b.  1540),  Italian  fa- 
vorite  of  Mary.  Assassi- 
nated 1506. 


Lord  Darnley  (1545-67), hus- 
band of  Mary. 


Earl  of  Both-well  (15-2G-77), 
husband  of  Mary. 


Earl  of  Essex,  1567-1601. 
Favorite  of  Elizabeth.  Be- 
headed. 


liSS.    The  "Invincible  Span 
ish  Armada"  defeated  bj 
Sir  Francis   Drake  (1540- 
95;     circumnavigated    the 
world,  15"y)  and  Howard. 


22 


Elizabethan  Dramatist*. 


-Kli/uheth,  !■>>   1  ""  ■'■■ 


77ic  Stuarts  : 
-James  I.,  1603-25. 


Tanso,  1544-45,  Italian  epic 
poet  ("Jerusalem  Deliv- 
ered"). 


i  Yichton,  tin-  "  Admirable 
Urichton,"  1560-83,  Boot 
ti»!i  prodigy. 


— Earliest  example,  1110,  Play  of  St.  Cath- 
arine. 

3.  Moralities.     Personifications    of    abstract 

virtues  and  vices.     Fx.,  1450,  The  Castle 

of  Perseverance. 

4.  Interludes.     Farcical  and  grotesque. 

—John  Heywood  (d.  1565).  "The 
Four  P's"  (Peddler,  Pardoner, 
Palmer,  Poticary). 

5.  Pageants.     Introducing    classical   person- 

ages. 

6.  Masques.     Splendid  and  costly  entertain- 

ments (perfected  by  Jonson). 

7.  Iiiule  Historical  Dramas.     For  example, 

—John  Bale  (1494-1 503).  "King 
John  » ; 

Writers 


also  Account  of  English 


s.    The  Modem  Play.] 
ty— Nicholas     Udall     (1506-64).      The 
first  English  comedy,  1551,  "Ralph 
lloyster  Doyster  "  (lively,  natural ; 
in  rhyme). 

—  Thomas  Sackville  (1536-1608).  (With 
Norton  ?)  The  first  regular  trag- 
edy, 1562,  "Gorboduc,  or  Ferrex 
and  Porrex"  (oppressively  tragic, 
style  monotonous).  (Sackville 
also  p.  20.) 

—John    Still    (1 543-1608).     "Gammer  Gur- 
t on's  Needle  "  ("  farcical "). 
t^George  Peele  (1552-98).     "The  Arrayne- 
inent  of  Paris,1'  "David  and  Bethsabe," 
"Absolom";  "Edward  I."  ("our  flrsl 
historical  play  "). 
i— >John    Lyly    (1563-1601).      "Endimion," 
"Campaspe,"  "Mydas,"  "Mother  Bom- 
hie,"  etc.     See  also  p.  25. 
— Thomas  Kyd.     The  famous  play.  "Jeron- 
imo." 


u 


—  I J  obert  Greene  ( 1560-02 ) .    "  George 


A'Greene,"  "Orlando  Furioso," 
*  "Friar  Bacon  and  Friar  Bun- 
gay," *"  James  the  Fourth." 
Pandosto,  a  prose  romance.  A 
pamphlet,  Groats  worth  of  Wit. 
(hitter  against  Shakespeare,  "the 
upstart  crow''). 


Elizabethan    Dramatists. 


23 


—  Cfirisioplter  Murium*  (1564^-93). 
"Faustus,"  "  Tamburlaine,"  *••  Ed- 
ward II.,"  "Jew  of  Malta."  ("Mar- 
lowe's mighty  line "  was  blank 
verse,  effectively  handled,  but 
sometimes  bombastic  and  tedious.) 
Also  a  poem,  "The  Passionate 
Shepherd." 

"  Summer's 
Pierce 


— Thomas    Nash    (1564-1600). 
Last    Will    and    Testament. 


Penniless." 

WILLIAM  SHAKESPEARE  (1564- 

1616).  ("The  King  of  Litera- 
ture." Married  Anne  Hathaway 
1583.  An  actor  in  the  Blackfriars 
and  Globe  theatres,  London.)  His 
plays  are  thus  grouped  by  Shaw  : 

1.  Historical :     "  Henry    IV.,"    etc., 

"Richard  II.,"  "King  John." 

2.  Legendary  :    "  Hamlet,"    "  Lear," 

"  Macbeth,"  "  Caesar,"  "  Antony 
and  Cleopatra,"  "  Coriolanus," 
"  Cymbeline." 

3.  Fictitious :    "  Merchant    of    Ven- 
Othello,"    ••  Midsummer 


ice 


»    a 


Night's  Dream,"  "  As  You  Like 
It,"      "  Tempest,"      "  Winter's 
Tale,"  etc.,  etc. 
Also    one    hundred    and    fifty-four 
Sonnets,  and  several  other  po- 
ems    ("Venus     and    Adonis," 
"  The  Passionate  Pilgrim,"  "  Lu- 
crece"). 
— Ben  Jonson  (1573-1637).    (Learned, 
conceited,  pedantic.  Plays,  though 
often   forceful,    lack    reality   and 
naturalness.     On   his    tombstone, 
"  0  rare  Ben  Jonson  !  ")     Works  : 
"Every  Man  in  his  Humor,"  1596 ; 
"  Every  Man  out  of  his  Humor," 
"  The     Alchymist,"      "  Volpone," 
"  Sejanus,"  "Epicene,"  "Catiline," 
1611;    "Cynthia's  Revels,"   "Po- 
etaster," numerous  masques   dur- 
ing his  service  as  laureate.     The 


—Elizabeth,  1558-1603. 

The  Stuarts  : 
—James  I.,  1003-25. 


Galileo,     1564-1642,    Italian 
astronomer;    invented  the 

telescope  1609. 


1570-1680.  The  Elzevirs, 
celebrated  Leyden  pub- 
lishers. 


1571.      Turks    defeated    at 
Lepanto. 


1575.      Burbadge's    theatre 
built  in  London. 


Cervantes,  1547-1016,  fa- 
mous Spanish  novelist. 
"Don  Quixote."  a  bur- 
lesque, on  chivalry.  ~ 


1589.  Henry  IV.  of  Navarre, 
in  France,  founds  Bourbon 
line  (which  lasted  till  1848) . 


1.390.     Battle  of  Ivry.    Hu- 
guenots  under  Henry  IV. 


Lope  de  Vega,  1502-1035, 
Spanish  author  of  over 
1800  dramas. 


1598.  Edict  of  Nantes,  giv- 
ing religious  liberty  to  the 
Huguenots. 


1599.  Death  of  Beatrice 
('end,  the  "  beautiful  par- 
ricide." 


Captain  John  Smith,  1579- 
1031. 


1601.     Execution  of  Essex. 


1601.     Australia   discovered 
by  a  Dutch  sea-captain. 


Gni/  Fawkes,  d.  1606,  con- 
spirator in  the  "gunpow- 
der plot,"  1605. 


24 


Elizabethan  Dramatists. 


—Elizabeth,  15f>8-1603. 

The  Stuarts : 
— James  I.,  1608-26. 


1603.     I'nion  of  Scotland  and 
Knglund  under  James. 


1607.     Virginia  nettled. 


10<l9.        Dutch     settle     New 
Amsterdam. 


Wallensteiti,  1083-1034,  Aus- 
trian general.  Hero  of 
one  of  Schiller's  dramas. 


1010.  Moors  expelled  from 
Bpain  under  Ferdinand 
uud  Isabella 


fragment,   "The    Sad    Shepherd," 
is  at  his  best. 

-jJohn  Fletcher  (1576-1625).  Eigh- 
teen plays;  a  poem,  "The  Faith- 
ful Shepherdess,"  but  principally 
with 

— Francis  Beaumont  (1586-1010),  the 
dramas:  "Beggar's  Bush,"  "The 
Elder  Brother,"  "Kule  a  Wife 
and  Have  a  Wife,"  *"  The  Maid's 
Tragedy,"  "Thierry  and  Theodo- 
ret,"  *" Philaster."  (Plays  "stu- 
diously indecent."  Characters  un- 
natural, but  style  masterly.) 

— John  Marston  (d.  1634).  "Malcontent," 
"Antonio  and  Mellida."  ("A  rough 
and  vigorous  satirist. 1 ' ) 

— Ph Hip  Massinger  (1584-1040).  Thir- 
ty-seven pla}'s.  (Foul  in  language, 
but  style  flexible  and  strong.) 
"Virgin  Martyr"  (1020),  "City 
Madam,"  and  *"A  New  Way  to 
Pay  Old  Debts,"  which  contains 
Sir  Giles  Overreach. 

—John  Ford  (1580-1039).  *"The 
Broken  Heart,"  "Brother  and  Sis- 
ter," "The  Lover's  Melancholy" 
(1029),  "Perkin  Warbeck"  (1034), 
"the  best  historical  drama  after 
Shakespeare." 

— Thomas  Dekker.  Wrote,  with  Ford, 
"  The  Witch  of  Edmonton."  With 
Webster,  "Westward  Ho!"  (In 
his  own  work  elegant  and  tender.) 

— John  Webster.  (A  master  of  the 
woful  and  terrible.)  "The  Duch- 
ess of  Malfi,"  "  Devil's  Law  Case," 
"Appius  and  Virginia." 

— Thomas  Hey  wood  (d.  1650).  "A  Woman 
Killed  with  Kindness"  (a  graceful  and 
touching  play  >. 

—James  Shirley  (1500-1666).  (Last  of  Eliza- 
bethan dramatists.  "  Lady  of  Pleasure," 
"The  Traitor,"  etc.  His  English  is  ani- 
mated, i 


Prone  of  the  Elizabethan  Era. 


25 


2.  Prose  (of  Elizabethan  Era)  : 

— John   Florio,    translation    of    Montaigne's 

Essays. 
— George  Pnttenham,  Art  of  English  Poesie, 

1589  (an  elaborate  treatise). 
— Raphael  Ilolinshed  (d.  1580)  wrote  chroni- 
cles (on  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland) 
that  Shakespeare  used. 
—John  Stow  (1525-1605).     English  Chroni- 
cles, Annals,  A  Survey  of  London. 
—Thomas    Lodge    (1556-1625).     Rosalynde, 
Euphues'  Golden  Legacy,  a  tale  (contain- 
ing plot  of  As  You  Like  It). 
— Sir  Thomas  Overbury  (d.  1613).     Didactic 
poems,  "The  Wife."     Characters  ("ex- 
cellent," witty,  ingenious). 
— Francis  Meres,  1598,  Palladis  Tamia  (re- 
fers to  Shakespeare  favorably). 
—Sir  Walter  Raleigh  (1552-1618)  (sol- 
dier, navigator,  courtier,  author). 
A  History  of  the  World.      (Writ- 
ten   in    prison;     a    compendious 
sketch,  of  course  unreliable,   but 
valuable.)      "The    Nymph's    Re- 
ply "  (a  neat  answer  to  Marlowe's 
poem,     "  The     Passionate     Shep- 
herd"),   "The    Lie,"    "The    Pil- 
grimage," "  On  Sidney." 
— John     Lyly     (1553-98).      Euphues, 
a    very    popular    prose    romance 
(language    "  euphuistic,"   smooth, 
over-poetic,  extravagant). 
— Sir  Philip   Sidney  (1554-8G,  killed 
at  Ziitphen).    Arcadia,  a  pastoral 
romance ;  chief  work,  Defence  of 
Poesy.     As  a  poet,  p.  20. 
N  —Richard  Hooker  (1553-1600).     The 
Lawrs    of    Ecclesiastical     Polity. 
1594-97  (a  defence  of  the  Church 
against      the     Puritans).      Style 
"  grave,  clear,  and  often  musical." 
—Richard    Hakluyt    (1553-1616).     Voyages 

(1589). 
— Stephen  Gosson  (1555-1624).  School  of 
Abuse  (against  play- writing,  1579).  Plays 
Confuted  in  Five  Actions. 
—Samuel  Purchas  (1577-1628).  Purchas, 
His  Pilgrimage  (a  book  of  travel).  En- 
larged Hakluvt's  Voyages. 


-Elizabeth,  1558-1603. 

The  Stuarts  : 
-James  I.,  1603-25. 


Montaigne,  1533-92,  French 
philosopher  and  essayist. 


Xdj)ier,    1550-1614,    Scotch 
mathematician. 


1621.  Microscopes  used  in 
Germany;  improved  1624 
by  Torricelli,  an  Italian 
physicist  (16US-47),  who 
also  invented  the  barom- 
eter. 


Tycho     Brake,     1545-1601, 
Swedish  astronomer. 


Kepler,   1571-1630,   German 
astronomer. 


Harvey  (1578-1657)  discov- 
ered circulation  of  blood, 
1619. 


Grotius,    1583-1645,    Dutch 

jurist. 


26 


Puritan    Era:    Cavalier   Poets, 


The  Stuarts  (lGu:i-88): 
— James  1..  L603.  22  yr. 
—Charles  I.,  1625.     'J4  yr. 


Cardinal  Richelieu,  1585- 
1642,  prime  minister  aud 
real  ruler  of  Prance  til! 
1642.  (Louiu  XIII.,  1610- 
13 


1620.  The  Mayflower  lands 
at  1'lymoutu.  Settlement 
of  Salem,  1G2M;  of  Boston, 
1030;  of  Hartford,  1636. 


Cromwell,  Fairfax,  Hamp- 
den, and  I'ym,  Puritan 
leaders. 


1628.     Petition  of  Rights. 


1629   10.     X')  Parliament. 


Oxerutlern,       U.S.:  1654, 
y  n  ediafa  statesman, 


( 'ardinal  Ufa  tarin  in  Fiance, 

1602-61. 


—SIR  FRANCIS  BACON,  Baron  Veru- 
lam  (1561-1626).  In  Latin,  The 
Advancement  of  Learning  (1605)  ; 
The  [nstauratio  Magna,  including 
Novum  Organum  (1620).  In  Eng- 
lisli,  Essays  (iirst  ten,  1597;  last 
edition  (58),  1625)3  New  Atlantis, 
1627,  Wisdom  of  the  Ancients. 
"The  Life  of  Man,"  as  a  bubble. 
(A  man  of  remarkable  history  and 
magnificent  attainments.  Style 
concise,  even  to  obscurity.) 

c.  PURITAN  ERA,  1620-60.  (Cavalier 
and  Puritan  literature  contempo- 
rary.) 

The  Chained  Bible  was  a  thing  of  the 
past,  but  now  religious  austerity 
reached  intolerance.  The  typical 
Puritan  frowned  on  amusement,  and 
deemed  joy  unseemly.  The  opposing 
Cavaliers  were  restrained  by  few 
prudential  motives.  Their  dainty 
love-sick  lyrics  and  witty  "  conceits  " 
are  in  strong  contrast  with  the  theo- 
logical and  controversial  writings  of 
the  Puritans. 

The  result  of  the  Civil  War  was  Puri- 
tan supremacy  in  the  Commonweall  h. 

1.    The  so-called  Metaphysical  Poets: 

— John  Donne  (1573-1631).  Satires: 
^Metempsychosis"  (absurd  and 
fanciful,  but  abounding  in  beauty 
and  tenderness).  "Character  of 
a  Lore,"  "The  Will." 

—John  Taylor  (15W)-l(i54).  ("The  Watei 
Poet.")  Numerous  prosy  poems.  "The 
P<  aniless  Pilgrimage." 

—George  Herbert  (1583-1632).  Sacred 
lyrics:  "The  Temple,"  1631 
(quaint,  gentle,  devotional). 

— Phineas  Fletcher (1584-1650).  "The 
Purple  Island,"  1633  (of  somemerit 
and  sweetness). 


Puritan  Era :    Cavalier   Poets. 


27 


—Giles Fletcher (1588-1623).  "Christ's 
Victory  and  Triumph,"  1010  ("a 
lovely  poem " ;  it  gave  hints  to 
Milton). 

—George  Wither  (1588-1667)  (a  poet 
of  nature).  Bucolics  ("Shepherd's 
Hunting,"  "Mistress  of  Phila- 
rete")."  In  1613,  "Abuses  Whipt 
and  Stript,"  a  satire.  Hymns. 
"  Hallelujah,"  1641. 

—Robert  Herrick  (1591-1674) .  "  Hes- 
perides  "  (light,  pleasant  lyrics  on 
love  and  wine.  "To  Corinna,  to 
go  a-Maying,"  "To  Daffodils"). 
"  Noble  Numbers." 

—Edmund  Waller  (1605-87).  "Divine 
Love "  (religious  poem  of  some 
merit),  "Battle  of  the  Summer 
Islands,"  love  verses  (playful,  me- 
lodious, finished),  "Go,  Lovely 
Rose." 

—Richard  Crashaw  (1605-50).  "The 
Chronicle,"  a  ballad ;  "  Steps  to 
the  Temple,"  1646,  and  "  Music's 
Duel"  (a  beautiful  description), 
"  Hymn  to  the  Name  of  Jesus." 

— Abraham  Cowley  (1618-67).  "The 
Mistress,"  1647  ("courtly,  wit- 
ty "),  "  Anacreontics."  Began  the 
"  Davideis."     Essays. 

—Andrew  Marvell  (1620-78).  (Fin- 
est of  this  group  in  rural  poet- 
ry.) "Nymph  Complaining," 
"  Emigrants  in  the  Bermudas," 
"  Thoughts  in  a  Garden." 

Secondary  List  : 
—Thomas  Carew  (1589-1639).     Fine  lyrics. 
A  masque. 

—Francis  Quarles  (1592-1644).     "Di- 
vine Emblems."     "Vanity  of  the 
World." 
—William  Habington  (1605-45).    "  Castara  " 

(collected  poems). 
—Sir  John  Suckling  (1609-41).  "  Ballad  upon 
a  Wedding." 


The  Stuarts 
-James  I.,  1603. 
-Charles  I.,  1625. 


Commonwealth,  1649-60. 


Richelieu     establishes     the 
French   Academy,  1630. 


1618-48.  Thirty  Years'  War 
iu  Europe.  1631.  Battle  of 
Leipsic :  Gustavus  Adol- 
phus  of  Sweden  defeats 
the  emperor  Ferdinand's 
troops. 


1630.     Gustavus  in  Pomera- 
nia. 


1632.  Battle  of  Lutzen  : 
Gustavus  Adolphus  de- 
feated   by   Wallensteiu. 


Descartes,  1596-1650,  French 
philosopher  and  mathema- 
tician. 


Peter   Paul   llubens,  1587- 
1640,  Flemish  painter. 


Vandyke  or  Van  Duck,  1599- 
1641,  Flemish  painter; 
lived  in  England  before 
his   death. 


Poussin,  1594-1665,   French 
painter. 


28 


Puritan    Era:  Prose. 


-Charle*  I.,  1625.     24  yr. 


Commonwealth,  1649.   11  yr. 


Stuarts  restored  (1660 
—Charles  II.,  1660.    25  yr. 
—James   II.,   1(385.      3  yr. 


1G3S.  Harvard  College 
founded  at  Cambridge, 
Maes. 


1640.     Long  Parliament  con- 
veued. 


1C4'2.     Civil  war  commences 
at  Kdgeliill. 


1G44.     Royalists  defeated  at 
Marston  M  oor  and     16  i5 
at  Naseby. 


1649.     Execution  of  <  harles 
1.  at  Whitehall  Palace. 


Sir  Matthew  Hale,  I 
English  jurist. 


CorneUU,    i 1-84,   founder 

of  tlii-  1-  rencfa  drama  :  "  I  ••■ 
i  i,i,"  "  CEdlpue,"  etc 


2. 


\ 


. 


—John  (halkhill  (b.  1599?).  "Thealina" 
(patterned  after  Spenser). 

—Sir  John  Denham (1615-68).  "  The  Sophy," 
••  Cooper's  Hill." 

—Sir  Richard  Lovelace  (1018-'>8).  Lines  "To 
Althea." 

—Henry  Vaughan  (1021-9:;).  (The  "  Siln- 
rist.*')  "Sacred  Poems"  ("devotional, 
pure,  ami  quaint."  —  Brook).  "  Silex 
Scintillans." 

—Charles  Cotton  (ltWO-87).  "The  Retire- 
ment." '•Invitation"  (to  his  friend, 
Izaak  Walton). 

Theologians,  etc.,  of  the  Civil  War  and 
Commonwealth: 

—  Robert  Burton  (1576-1640).     Anat- 

omy of  Melancholy.     ("An  amus- 
ing and  instructive  medley  of  qui  >- 
tations  and   classical   anecdotes." 
— Byron.) 
— Archhishi >p  James  Usher  (1580-1050).    An- 
nates,  1650  (digest  of  history).     Works 
in  ecclesiastical  history. 
—Sir  Robert  Filmer  (d.  1047),  a  bigoted  cham- 
pion of  "divine  right"  of  kings.     Patri- 
archa. 
—Lord   Herbert    of    Cherbury    (1581-1(148). 
Henry  VIII. 

—  William  l'rynne  (1000-09),  a  violent  Pur- 

itan. Sconrge  of  Players,  and  other 
pamphlets. 

— mini  Earle  (1601-65).    Microcosmography. 

— John  Gauden  (1605-61).  Eikon  Basilike 
(political  tract,  "image  of  the  king," 
<  'harles  I.). 

—John  Selden  (1584- 1 1  ;.~>4).  Table  Talk 
(acute,  sometimes  humorous). 

—William  Chillingworth  (1602-4  1  ). 
Religion  of  the  Protestants. 

—Sir  Thomas  Browne  (1605-82),  a 
Learned  physician.  Hydriotapliia 
(Urn-Burial),  1658.  Religio  Me- 
dici, 1643.  Vulgar  and  Common 
Errors  (  Pseudodoxia).  The  Quin- 
cuncial  Lozenge.  (A  "  fascinating 
author.") 

—Thomas  Fuller (1608-61).  Sermons; 
llol\  ami  Profane  State;  Church 
History,  1656:  *The  Worthies  of 


Puritan  Era:    Prose.    -Milton. 


29 


d. 


England,  1662.      ("A  quaint  and 
delightful  writer."  — Brook.) 

—Jeremy  Taylor  (1613-67).  On  Lib- 
erty of  Prophesying,  Sermons,  On 
Liturgie,  Life  of  Christ,  Holy  Liv- 
ing, and  Holy  Dying  (1650). 

—Richard  Baxter  (1615-91).  *Saint's 
Everlasting  Rest,  1619  ;  A  Call  to 
the  Unconverted.  168  works  in 
all.  (An  able  defender  of  relig- 
ious liberty.) 

—JOHN  MILTON  (1608-71).  (Poet 
statesman.  "  The  glory  of  English 
literature."  —  Macaulay.)  Three 
periods.  I.  Early  poetic  period: 
"  Hymn  on  the  Nativity,"  the 
mask  "  Comus,"  "Lycidas"  (an 
elegy),  "L' Allegro,"  "II  Pense- 
roso,"  "  Arcades."  II.  For  twenty 
years  he  championed  republican- 
ism. His  chief  prose  works  are  : 
Of  Keformation,  1641 ;  Apology 
for  Smectymnuus ;  On  Divorce, 
1614  ;  Of  Education  ;  Iconoclas- 
tes  ;  Def  ensio  Anglicani  Populi ; 
*Areopagitica  (a  noble  plea  for 
freedom  of  the  press).  III.  His 
later  poetic  period  (greatest  works ) : 
" Paradise  Lost,"  "Paradise  Re- 
gained," " Samson  Agonistes."  Son- 
nets: "Blindness,"  "To  the  Night- 
ingale," etc. 

—Robert  Leighton  (1613-84).  On  the  Epistle 
of  St.  Peter.  (A  popular  preacher  and 
theologian. ) 

PKUSE  OF  THE  RESTORATION  ERA, 
1660-80. 

—  Thomas  Hobbes  (1588-1679).  De 
Cive,  De  Cor  pore  Politico,  Levia- 
than, 1651  (a  treatise  on  govern- 
ment, attacking  divine  right),  and 
Behemoth  (a  history  of  the  civil 
war)-  (Style  "uniform  and  cor- 
rect.") 


StuartS  restored  : 
—Charles  II.,  1660.    25  yr. 
—  James  II.,  1685.     3  yr. 
Revolution,  1688. 

—William      and      Mary, 

1GS8-1702.     14  yr. 


Moliere,  1622-73,  French 
dramatist  :  "  l'recieuses 
Ridicules,"  "  The  Misan- 
thrope," "The  Hypocrite" 
(Tartuffe). 


Louis  XIV.  (164:5-1715).     72 
yr."LeGrand  Monarque." 


Turenne,    1611-75,    French 
general. 


1648.     Peace   of  Westphalia 
(Thirty  Years'  War). 


1650.  American  Litera- 
ture may  he  said  to  hegin. 
Colonial  period,  1650-1750, 
principally  produced  in 
New  England;  generally 
of  a  theological  character. 
{Mather,  Edwards.) 

1650.  Coveuanters  defeated 
hy  Cromwell. 

1653.  Long  Parliament  dis- 
persed hy  Cromwell. 


1658.    Death  of  Oliver  Crom- 
well. 


Salvator  Rosa,  1615-72,  Ital- 
ian painter. 


Murillo,    1618-82,     greatest 
Spanish  painter. 


Blaise  Pascal,  1623-62, 
French  philosopher  and 
mathematician. 


Roger   Williams,  1599-1683, 

founder  of  Rhode  Island. 


30 


Prose  of  Restoration  Era. 


st Hurts  restored . 
—Charles  II.,  l*>«o.    25  yr. 

James  II.,  1685.    3  yr. 
Revolution,  i*>88. 
—  William      and      Mary, 

1688-1702.     14  yr. 


1663.     First   newspaper    in 
ISngiand. 


Rembrandt,  1607-69,  Dutch 
artist. 


Stuyvesant,  1602-8-j.  Gov- 
ernor  of  New  Amster- 
dam. 


1664.     New    York   taken   by 
the  English. 


1662.     Royal  Society. 


Rochefoucauld,  1613-80, 
French  wit  and  author. 
(Maxims.) 


1665.     (ireat  plague  in  Lon- 
don. 


1666.     Great  Loudon  lire. 


1679.    Habeas  Corpus  an. 


(ifft-if   /""., .  1634  90,  found, 
sr  "f  iiie  Quakers. 


—Izaak     Walton    (1593-1683).      The 

Complete  Angler  (racy  descrip- 
tions, quaint,  gentle,  cheerful, 
charming).  Biographies  of  Donne, 
Herbert,  Hooker,  and  others, 
("unique  in  literature"). 
—Edward  Hyde  (Clarendon)  (1608- 
74).  The  History  of  the  Great 
Rebellion,  1702-4.  Pernicious 
Errors  in  Hobbes's  Leviathan, 
1676. 

— Fames  Harrington  (1011-77).  A  political 
romance,  Oceana  (defending  republic- 
anism). 

—Samuel  Butler  (1612-80).  "Hudi- 
bras "  (a  burlesque  on  the  Puri- 
tans, learned,  witty,  very  popular, 
but  rough  in  versification). 

— Dr.   Henry  More  (1614-87).     Immortality. 

Mystery  of   Godliness.      "The   Platoni- 
»      cal   Song  of  the   Soul,"  a  philosophical 

poem. 
—  Ralph  Cudworth  (1617-88),  an  assailant  of 

Hobbes.     True  Intellectual  System  of  the 

Universe. 
— Algernon  Sidney  (1621-84).    Discourses  on 

Government. 
— John  Kay   (1(528-1705).     Wisdom  of  God 

in  Creation.     Plants  of  England. 

—John  Evelyn  (1620-1706).  Sylva. 
Terra  (treatise  on  agriculture). 
A  Diary,  containing  valuable  his- 
torical information. 

—Samuel  Pepys  (1632-1703).  Diary 
(1660—69)  (first  written  in  short- 
hand: transcribed  1825;  lifelike 
descriptions,  naive  confessions). 
-John  Bunyan  (1628-88).  ("The 
Bedford  Tinker."  A  roughly  elo- 
quent preacher,  writer  of  sixty 
volumes.)  Grace  Abounding  to 
the  Chief  of  Sinners  (an  auto- 
biography). Life  and  Death  of 
Mi'.  I  lad  man,  and  the  two  alle- 
gories, Holy  War  and  Pilgrim's 
Progress. 


French   Influence:    Corrupt   Drama. 


31 


Period    of    French    influence,    1680 
1789. 

The  rigidity  of  Puritanism  gave  way 
to  French  frivolity  and  vice  which 
the  restored  Stuart  bought.  Dry- 
den  was  above  his  age,  but  he  was 
forced  to  cater  to  its  profligate  taste. 
His  introduction  of  classic  models, 
the  deteriorated  drama,  and  the 
labors  of  erudite  scientists  and  meta- 
physicians characterize  the  early  part 
of  this  period. 

DRYDEN     AND     THE     CORRUPT 
DRAMA. 

—John  Dryden  (1631-1700).  "  Annus 
Mirabilis";  "Absalom  and  Achi- 
tophel,"  "  MacFlecknoe,"  "The 
Medal "  (three  powerful  satires)  ; 
"The  Hind  and  the  Panther," 
1687,  "Religio  Laici";  fcOde  on 
St.  Cecilia's  Day,"  1697;  "Alex- 
ander's Feast."  Translated  the 
"iEneid."  Several  comedies  in 
"a  pompous,  heroic  style."  "All 
for  Love,"  "The  Royal  Martyr," 
"Spanish  Friar."  (An  admirable, 
vigorous  prose  style.) 

—Bishop  Thomas  Ken  (1637-1711).  "  Morn- 
ing and  Evening  Hymns." 

—John  Philips  (167(3-1708).  "  The  Splendid 
Shilling"     (parody    on    Milton's    blank 

verse). 

Comic  Dramatists : 

— Sir  William  Davenant  (1605-68). 
"Siege  of  Rhodes"  (an  opera), 
"  Law  against  Lovers,"  "  The  Cruel 
Brother."  A  heroic  poem,  "  Gon- 
dibert." 

.  — Duke  of  Buckingham  (1627-88).  "The 
Rehearsal"  (a  burlesque  on  the  stiff 
dramas  of  the  time). 
— John  Crowne  (d.  1704).  "Masque  of 
Calisto,"  *"Sir  Courtly  Nice,"  "Thyes- 
tes,"  a  tragedy. 


Stuarts  restored: 
—Charles  II.,  L660.    25  yr. 
— James  II.,  1685.    3  yr. 

Revolution,  1688. 

— William  III.  and  Mary, 

1688-1702.     14  yr. 


.]fodame  de  Sevigne  (1627- 
96).  Celebrated  French 
beauty  and  social  queen. 


Boileau,   1636-1711,  French 
poet  and  satirist. 


Bossuet,  1627-1704,  French 
prelate,  orator,  and  con- 
troversialist. 


Racine,      1639-99, 

dram  itisl. 


French 


Fenelon,   1651-1715,   French 
prelate.    "  Telemachus." 


1685.  Revocation,  by  Louis 
XIV.,  of  the  Edict  of 
Nantes  (1598). 


Ma-eppa,  1644-1709,  Polish 
nobleman.  (Read  Byron's 
poem.) 


1690.  James  II.  was  de- 
feated at  the  Boyne  by 
William  III. 


1690.     White  paper  in  Eng- 
land. 


32 


French   Influence:    Corrupt   Drama. 


Stuarts  n  stored : 
—Charles  II.,  1060.    25  yr. 
—James  II.,  1685.    3  yr. 
i;<  volution,  1688. 

— William  III. and  Mary, 

1688-1702.     14  yr. 


Cotton  Mather,  1663-1728, 
famous  New  England 
preacher  and  writer. 


Mariottc,    1620-84,     French 
physicist. 


Spinoza,     1632-77,      Butch 
pantheistic  philosopher. 


1695.  Censorship  of  the 
Press  abolished.  (Read 
Milton's  Areopagitica.) 


Christopher  Wren,  1632- 
1723,  English  architect 
(St.  Paul's). 


1697.    Charles  XII.  of  Swe- 
den (died  1718). 


1607.  Treaty  of  Ryswick, 
coaliiion  against  Louis 
XIV. 


n'lllnim  Perm,  1644-1718, 
founder  of  Philadelphia. 
W  liter.  (Maxims;  No 
Cross,  no  Crown.) 


Mozart,       1656  01,      Great 

German  composer.     "  l,v 
qniem,"  "  Don  •  Uovanni." 


—  William  Wycherly (1640-1715).  ("His 

gross  vigor  is  remarkable.")  "Love 

in  a  Wood,"  "The  Plain  Dealer," 

*"The  Country  Wife." 

— Airs.  Aphra  Behn  (1042-89).  "  The  Rover," 
1677.     A  popular  novel,  "Oroonoko." 

—William  Congreve  (1670-1729) 
(sparklingly  witty ;  characters  un- 
natural). "The  Double  Dealer," 
*"Love  for  Love,"  "The  Mourn- 
ing Bride,"  "The  Way  of  the 
World." 

—Sir  John  Van  Brugh  (1666-1726). 
"  Provoked  Wife,"  "  The  Relapse  " 
(coarse,  obscene,  ingenious). 

— George  Farquhar  (1678-1707). 
*"  Beaux'  Stratagem,"  "  Constant 
Couple." 

Tragic  Dramatists : 

— Thomas  Otway  (1651-85)  (greal  power  and 

intenseness).  "  Orphan.'"  ••  Venice  Pre- 
served." 

— Nathaniel  Lee  (1657-92).  Eleven  tragedies. 
"The  Rival  Queens,"  "Theodosius." 

—Nicholas  Rowe  (1673-1718).  (The  first 
editor  of  Shakespeare,  1709-10.)  "Jane 
Shore,"  "Jane  Grey"  (melancholy  trag- 
edies). 

PHILOSOPHERS    AND    THEOLOGI- 
ANS  OF   LOCKE'S   TIME. 

— John  Locke  ( 1  ( '>:  12-1 704 ) .  Letter  on 
Toleration,  1689-91';  On  Civil  Gov- 
ernment, 1689.  The  Reasonable- 
ness of  Christianity.  Essay  on 
the  Human  Understanding,  1690, 
in  four  books. 

—Sir  William  Petty  (1623-87).  Treatise  on 
Taxes.     Political  Arithmetic. 

—Sir  William  Temple  (1628-99).  Es- 
says (one  on  Ancient  and  Modern 
Learning.  1692,  gave  rise  to  the 
Boyle-Bentley  controversy.  See 
Bentley,  p.  35). 

—Robert  Boyle  (1627-91).  (A  dis- 
tinguished  experimental   philoso- 


Seventeenth  Century  Philosophers  and  Churchmen.  33 


pherand  chemist.  Atomic  theory.) 
Theological  and  Scientific  works. 

—Isaac  Barrow  (1630-77).  (Able 
mathematician  and  theologian.) 
Sermons,  Essays  (Wit,  Industry, 
Excellencies  of  Christianity). 

—John  Tillotson  (1630-94).  Popular 
sermons. 

—John  Howe  (1630-1705).  (Cromwell's 
chaplain.)     The  Living  Temple. 

— George  Savile,  Marquis  of  Halifax  (1630- 
95).  Short  hut  finished  political  treatises. 
Truth  and  Moderation.     Trimmers. 

—Robert  South  (1633-1716).     Sermons. 

—Thomas  Burnet  (1635-1715).  Sacred  The- 
ory of  the  Earth. 

—Sir  George  Mackenzie  (1636-91).  Moral 
Essays.  Works  on  Law.  Memoirs  of 
the  Affairs  of  Scotland. 

—Gilbert  Burnet  (1643-1715).  (A 
Scotch  divine.)  History  of  the 
Beformation.  History  of  My  Own 
Times. 

—Sir  Isaac  Newton  (1642-1727).  Op- 
tics.    Principia. 

—Jeremy  Collier  (1650-1726).  On 
the  English  Stage. 

— Sir  Richard  Blackmore  (1650-1729).  "Prince 
Arthur."  Paraphrases  in  verse.  Prose 
works. 

—William  Sherlock  (1678-1751).  Practical 
Treatise  on  Death.     Controversial  works. 

c.  "ARTIFICIAL"  POETS. 

The  culmination  of   classical  poetry; 
polished,  correct,  but  lacking  in  sen- 
timent  and   feeling.     It   is   largely 
argumentative,    didactic,   and   satir- 
ical. 
—Alexander    Pope    (1688-1744).     (A 
sickly,    quarrelsome,   vain   dwarf. 
"  The  Wasp  of  Twickenham."  Yet 
brilliant,  witty,   a  finished  versi- 
fier,   the    master    of    "didactic" 
poetry.)     Early  pastorals  and  ec- 
logues.     "The    Dunciad,"    1728; 
"Essay  on  Criticism,"  1711;  "Es- 


WilUam  III.,  1688.    14  yr. 
Anne,  17<>2.     12  yr. 

Hoitse   of  Hanover    (1714- 
present)  : 

George  I.,  1714.    13  yr. 


Leibnitz,     1646-1716,     Ger- 
man  mathematician. 


La  Salle,  1651-1719,  French 
explorer  in  America. 


Hob  Roy  ( Robert  McGregor) , 
1660-1735,  Scottish  free- 
booter. 


Le  Sage,  1668-1747,  French 
novelist.     "Gil  Bias." 


1702.  War  of  the  Spanish 
Succession,  France  against 
England  and  Austria. 


Peter  the  Great,  1682-1725, 
emperor  of  Russia;  founds 
St.  Petersburg,  1703. 


Handel,  1684-1759,  German 
composer.  "  The  Mes- 
siah," 1741. 


Duke  of  Marlborough,  1650- 
1722,  great  English  general 
at  Blenheim,  1704.  Louis 
XIV.  checked.  Marl- 
borough also  victorious 
at  Ramillies,  1706;  Mal- 
plaquet,   1708. 


34 


Poetry    Early  in    Eighteenth    Century. 


—William    III.,    L688.     1  + 

yr. 

Anne,  1702    II.     12  yr. 

limine  a/  Hanover. 
-(icorge  I.,  ITU.     13  yr. 
— George  II.,  1727.    33  yr. 


Stradivari,    1670-1735,   Jul- 
ian violin-maker. 


Hogarth,  1697-1764,  Knglioh 
painter. 


Montesquieu,  1689-1755, 
French  jurist  and  phil- 
osopher. 


ITiin.   Battle  Pultowa  ;  Peter 
defeats  Charles  XII. 


1716.      John     Law's    Minnis- 
slppl  scheme  excites  Paris. 


171  V     Charles  XII.  dies. 


1720.    South  Sea  Bubble. 


itji.     Vaccination  tried   on 
criminals.      Dr.     Jenner 

discovered  vaccine,  1706. 


say  mi  Man,"  17.'!.~>;  "Rape  of  the 
Look/'  171-J;  "Eloisa  toAbelard," 
1717;  Translations  of  -Iliad" 
(£5500)  and  "Odyssey." 
•  I  Mini  Gay  (1688-1732).  "Rural 
Sports,"  -The  Shepherd's  Week" 
(six  pastorals),  1714;  "Beggar's 
opera,"1  1728;  "Trivia,"  1716. 

—.Matthew  Prior  (1664-1721).  "Coun- 
try Mouse  and  City  Mouse." 
"Alma,"  "Solomon"  (religious 
epic).  (Best  work  in  animated 
love-songs.) 

—Thomas  Tarnell  (1679-1718).  '-Her- 
mit," "Hymn  to  Contentment." 

— EiJirard  Young  (1681-1765) .  "Love 
of  Fame,  the  Universal  Passion." 
a  satire.  *"  Night  Thoughts " 
(sombre,  gloomy,  majestic  verse. 
lacking  simplicity  :  frequently  epi- 
grammatic). 

—Allan  Ramsay  (168G-1758).     "The  Gentle 

Shepherd"     (a     pure,    gentle,    pastoral 

drama).     Light  songs. 
—Thomas   Tickell  (1080-1740).     "Elegy  on 

Addison,"  '-Colin  and  Lucy." 
—William    Somerville    (1692-1742).      "The 

Chase.'*  a  jjastoral. 

—  Henry    Carey    (d.    174:;).      ••  Sally    in    OUT 

Alley.'"  a  once  popular  musical  ballad. 

—  Richard  Savage  (1697-1743).     "The  Wan- 

derer," a  moral  poem. 

&    PROSE-WRITEES,  FIRST  HALF  OF 
EIGHTEENTH   CENT  CUV. 

The  perfection  of  elegant  prose  was 
attained  by  the  great  writers  of  this 
period.  The  periodical  essay  reached 
as  high  a  development  as  at  any  later 
t  ime,  not  excepting  Johnson's.  Swift 
brought  literature  into  the  political 
arena,  and  in  bitter  satire  exhibited 
the  powers  of  the  English  language. 
The  "patronage  system*'  was  now 
in  full  vogue. 

—Joseph  Addison  (1672-1719).  ("He 
alone   knew   how  to   use    ridioule 


Prose  Early  in  Eighteenth    Century. 


35 


without  abusing  it.  .  .  .  He  rec- 
onciled wit  and  virtue."  —  Macau- 
lay.)  Poetical  works  :  "  The  Cam- 
paign," 1704;  "Rosamond,"  an 
opera,  1707;  and  "Cafc),"  a  pon- 
derous tragedy,  1713.  But  his 
greatest  Avork  was  the  publication 
with 

-Richard  Steele  (1672-1729),  of  The 
Tatlerj,  1709-11 ;  The  Spectator, 
1711,  1714 ;  The  Guardian,  171:;. 

-Jonathan    Swift     (1667-1745).     (A 


master  of 
talent   of 


English 


"  debasing 
what  he  hated." 


prose,  with  a 
and  defiling 
Jeffrey.)  Tale 
of  a  Tub,  1704,  Battle  of  the  Books, 
ridiculing  Bentley,  Public  Spirit 
of  the  Whigs,  Conduct  of  the 
Allies  (all  powerful  pamphlets). 
The  Drapier  Letters.  Gulliver s 
Travels,  1726.  Poems :  '-To  Stella," 
"Cadenus  and  Vanessa,"  "Verses 
on  my  own  Death."  (Probably 
married  Stella  —  Esther  Johnson 
—  1 716.  Vanessa  was  Hester  Van 
I  iomrigh.) 

-Richard  Bentley  (1662-1742).  Dissertation 
(on  the  "Epistles  of  Phalaris")  which 
angered  Temple  (see  p.  32). 

-John  Arbuthnot  (1067-1705).  (A 
learned  wit  and  humorist.)  His- 
tory of  John  Bull.  Best  parts  of 
"  Martinus  Scriblerus." 

-George  Berkeley  (1684-1753).  New 
Theory  of  Vision,  1709.  Princi- 
ples of  Human  Knowledge.  Mi- 
nute Philosopher,  1732.  (A  nom- 
inalist and  an  idealist.) 

-Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu  (1690- 
1762).  (Sensible,  vivacious,  well- 
read.)     Letters. 

-Lord  Chesterfield  (1699-1751).  Let- 
ters to  his  Son  (on  good  breeding 
and  worldly  wisdom). 


House  of  Hanover; 
George  I.,  1714.    13  yr. 
George  II.,  1727.     33  yr. 
George  III.,  17G0.     60  yr. 


The  weak  Louis  VI".  in 
France,  1715-74 ;  Pompa- 
dour (1721-64)  and  Du 
Barri  in  power. 


1725.     Peter  the  Great  dies. 


Fahrenheit,  16S6-1740,  Ger- 
man physicist. 


Reaumur,  1683-1751,  French 
naturalist,  inventor  of  a 
thermometer. 


Swedeiiborg,         1688-177'J 
Swedish  theosophist. 


Maria      Tlieresa,     1717-80, 
queen  of  Austria,  1740. 


I 


Novelists  in    Eighteenth    Century. 


Houst  of  Uatuwi  r  : 
—George  I.,  1714.    la  yr. 
—George  II.,  17 iT.    3Syr. 

—George  III.,  1760.   60 yr. 


174o.  Frederick  II.,  tin 
Great,  emperor  of  I'ni*-- 
sia  (in2-88  . 


1741-4V  War  of  the  Aus- 
trian Succession.  (Fred- 
erick vs.  Maria  Theresa.) 


1743.     George    II.    defeats 
French  ;it  Dettingen. 


CoUey  Cibber,  1671-1757, 
English  actor  and  drama- 
tist.    (•'  Non-juror.") 


Voltaire,  1694-1778,  French 
philosopher,  poet,  wit, 
historian,  dramatist,  :iiid 
sceptic.  "  Merope,"  "  <  !an- 
dide." 


Linnatus,  1707-7*,  Bwedish 
botanist. 


Eugene  .tram,  1704-59,  Eng- 
liHh  scholar.  (Head  Bui- 
wer's  novel.) 


174').  Marsh  a  I  Saxe  victo- 
rious at  Fontenoy,  over 
the  Austrians  and  Eng- 
lish. 


Munchausen,  i7'Ju-'.»7,  Ger- 
man   soldier  and    roman- 

cist. 


Enter,   17't7-s:;,   Swiss    phil- 
osopher. 


L746.    Battle    of    Culloden; 
pretender  defeated. 


Crudi  a,  1700-70.    (Concord- 
ance.)    Scottish  minister. 


Diderot,     1712-84,     Prem  h 

philosopher  and  novelist. 


Sir  Joshua  'Reynolds,  I 
92.     (ire.it  Bnglisb  paint- 
er.    Author  of  DiscourBes 
on  Art, 


— Bernard  Mandeville  (1670-1733).  Fable 
nf  the  Bees,  or  Private  Vices  Public 
Benefits. 

— Lord  Shaftesbury  (1671-1713).     Character 
istics.     The  Moralists. 

— Edmund  Hoyle  (1872-1769).     Games. 

— Henry  St.  .John.  Viscount  Bolingbroke 
(1078-1751).  KcMfctions  on  Exile.  The 
Study  of  History. 

— Thomas  Sherlock  (1678-1751  i.     Sermons, 

— Conyers  Middleton  (1683-1750).  Life  of 
Cicero. 

—George  Cave  (1691-1754).  1731,  The  Gen- 
tleman's Magazine. 

ft    THE   FIEST   GREAT   NOVELISTS. 

—Daniel  Defoe  (1661-1731).  The 
Review,  L702-4.  Pilloried  for 
writing  the  Shortest  Way  with 
Dissenters.  *;  Ode  to  the  Pillory." 
Journal  of  the  Plague  Tales 
(great  power  of  realistic  descrip- 
tion) :  Apparition  of  Mrs.  Veal. 
Roxana,  Moll  Flanders,  Singleton, 
Robinson  Crusoe,  1719. 

— Samuel  Richardson  (1689—1761). 
Pamela,  1740;  Clarissa  Harlowe, 
17  IS;  *Sir  Charles  Grandison 
(novels  of  sentiment,  real,  because 
of  minute  detail). 

—Henry  Fielding  (1707-54).  (Ad- 
venture, fun,  description  of  real 
life.)  Amelia.  Joseph  Andrews, 
1742.  Jonathan  Wild  the  Great. 
Tom  Jones,  L749  (a  model  and 
masterpiece }. 

—  Tobias  Smollett  (1721-71) .  Rod- 
erick Random,  1 7  is.  Peregrine 
Pickle.  Humphrey  Clinker.  Count 
Fathom.  A  History  of  England 
(partisan).  Tour  in  France  and 
Italy. 

— Laurence  Sterne  (1713-68).  Tris- 
tram Shandy,  177)!).  Sentimental 
Journey.  Sermons.  (A  master  in 
humor  and  pathos.) 

—Oliver  Goldsmith  (1728-74).  The 
Vicar  of  Wakefield.   ( See  also  p.  41.) 


Last  Half  of  the  Eighteenth    Century. 


i 


/    THE    EIGHTEENTH    CENTURY 
HISTORIANS. 

— David  Hume  (1711-76).  (Historian 
and  philosopher.)  Treatise  on 
Human  Nature,  1738.  ~~  The  Hu- 
man Understanding.  Principles 
of  Morals,  1752.  Moral  and  Phil- 
osophical Essays.  (A  sceptic.) 
History  of  England  (to  1688), 
1754.  (Its  style,  not  its  candor 
or  research,  saves  it.) 

—  Willia  m  Robertson  (1721-93) .  His- 
tory of  Scotland  (to  James  YT.)  ; 
Emperor  Charles  Y. 

—Edward  Gibbon  (1737-94).  Study 
of  Literature,  1761.  Decline  and 
Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire,  1787. 

</.  MISCELLANEOUS  PROSE-WRIT- 
ERS. LAST  HALE  OF  EIGH- 
TEENTH   CENTURY. 

Latinized  English,  since  Johnson's 
time,  is  called  "Johnsonese,"  so 
pompous  and  imposing  is  his  dic- 
tion. Of  forensic  eloquence  Burke 
and  the  great  contemporary  orators 
were  masters ;  Adam  Smith  created 
the  science  of  political  economy ; 
while  religion,  philosophy,  and  legal 
lore  received  valuable  contributions 
from  men  like  Bishop  Butler,  Paley, 
and  Blackstone. 

—Samuel  Johnson  (1709-84).  (Odd, 
prejudiced,  disfigured;  a  bigoted 
Tory ;  "  the  great  literary  Levia- 
than.") "London,"  "Vanity  of 
Human  'Wishes "  (satires  after  Ju- 
venal). "  Irene,"  a  tragedy.  Dic- 
tionary, 1755.  Rasselaus  (1759,  a 
tale  written  in  a  week).  Tour  of 
the  Hebrides.  The  Rambler,  1750 
-52  (a  semi-weekly).  Idler,  1758 
-60.    Lives  of  the  Poets. 


House  of  Hanover  : 
George  I.,  1714.     13  yr. 
George  II.,  1727.    33  yr. 
George  111.,  1760.     CO  yr. 


American       Literature. 

Second  or  Revolution- 
ary Period,  1750-1800. 
(Franklin,  Hamilton, 

Thomas   Paine.) 


Benjamin  Franklin,  1700- 
90,  philosopher  and  scien- 
tist. 


1750-60,      Lord 
India. 


dive,    in 


Buffon,  1707-88,  French  nat- 
uralist. 


17"i."i-60.    French  and  Indian 
War  in  America. 


Gen.   Wolfe,  1726-59,  killed 
at  Quebec. 


1755.      Lisbon    earthquake; 
60,000  killed. 


Arkwright,  1732-92,  English 
manufacturer  and  inven- 
tor. 


38 


Last   Half  of  the   Eighteenth   Century. 


Housi  of  Hanover : 
George  I.,  1714.     13  yr. 
George  II.,  17J7.     33  yr. 
George  III.,  1780.    60  yr. 


17.'»6.  Black  Hole  of  Cal- 
cutta. (Read  Macaulay's 
Kssay  on  Warren  Hast- 
ings.) 


Captain  Cook,  1728-79,  Eng- 
lish voyager. 


Neclcer,  1732-1S04,  French 
statesman;  minister  under 
Louis  XVI. 


Mesmer,  1733-1815,  German 
discoverer  of  mesmerism. 


Mivabeau,   1749-91,  French 
orator  and  statesman. 


Frederick  the  (,'reat,  174u- 
88,  emperor  of  Germany. 


17JG.  Frederick's  second 
war,  the  Seven  Years' 
War,  begins. 


Laities  of  Kolin,  Roasbach, 
I'rague,  Leutht-n. 


Washington,  1732-99. 


—David  Grarrick  (1716-69).  (The 
actor.)  Plays:  The  Lying  Valet, 
etc. 

— .I.,]iii  Bawkesworth  (1719-7:!).  The  Ad- 
venturer (1752-54)  (a  periodical). 

—Gilbert  White  (1720-93).  Natural  History 
of  Selborne  (simple,  pleasant,  pastoral). 

—Thomas  Wartmi  (1728-90).  History  of 
English  Poetry  (refined  poetic  criticism). 

—Bishop  Joseph  B>dler  (1692-1752). 
Analogy  between  Natural  and  Re- 
vealed Religion  (the  most  "philo- 
sophical defence  of  Christianity 
ever  submitted  to  the  world."  — 
Lord  Bron nit  a  m). 

—Thomas  Reid  (1710-96,  the  Scottish 
metaphysician) .  Inquiry  into  the 
Human  Mind. 

—Henry   Home,   Lord    Kames   (1696-1782). 

Elements  of  Criticism. 
— John    Wesley     (1703-91).     Sermons    and 

Hymns.     (Founded  Methodism.) 
—Charles  Wesley  (1708-88).     Sermons  and 

Hymns. 
—George    Campbell    (1719-96).     Philosophy 

of  Rhetoric. 

— Sir  William  Blackstone  (1723-80). 
Commentaries  on  English  Law. 

—Adam  Smith  (1723-90).  Theory  of 
Moral  Sentiments,  1759.  Wealth 
of  Nations,  1776.  (Father  of 
political  economy.  Urged  free 
trade.) 

— .Tomes  Bosicell  (1740-95).  (A  tat- 
tling, frivolous  toady.  But  his 
work  is  interesting,  and  as  a  biog- 
raphy admirable,  full  of  anecdote.) 
Life  of  Johnson,  1791. 

— "  Junius  "  (Sir  Philip  Francis,  1740- 
1818).  Letters  in  the  Public  Ad- 
vertiser, L769-72.  (Once  influen- 
tial, but  not  now  read  except  for 
the  style,  being  on  political  dis- 
cussions. ) 

—  William  J 'aho/  (1743-1805).  Horse 
Paulinse.     Elements  of  Moral  and 


Last  Half  of  the  Eighteenth   Century. 


39 


U- 


Political  Philosophy,  1785.     Evi- 
dences of  Christianity,  171)4. 


Mrs.  Thrale  (Hester  Lynch  Piozzi)  (1739- 
1821).    Anecdotes  of  Johnson.     "Three 
Warnings." 
— Mungo  Park  (1771-1805).     Travels. 

—Rev.  Archibald  Alison  (1757-1830). 
1790,  Essays  on  the  Principles  of 
Taste. 

Novelists  of  this  period : 

—Thomas  Holcroft  (1744-1809).  Over  thirty 
dramatic  pieces  ("  Road  to  Ruin  ").  Sev- 
eral novels,  translations,  and  books  of 
travel. 

—Henry  Brook  (1706-83).  A  once  popular 
theological  novel,  The  Fool  of  Quality. 
>u  — Horace  Walpole  (1717-97).  Catalogue  of 
Royal  and  Noble  Authors.  An  interest- 
ing little  novel,  The  Castle  of  <  >tranto. 

—Thomas  Hope  (1770-1831).  Anastasius, 
1819  (describing  Turkish  and  Greek  life). 
Other  works  on  antiquity  and  art. 

—Henry  Mackenzie  (1745-1831).  Man 
of  Feeling,  1771  (character  of 
Harley).     Man  of  the  World. 

—Hannah  More  (1745-1833).  "In- 
flexible Captive,"  1763;  "Search 
after  Happiness,"  "Percy,"  1777 
(successful  plays).  Practical  Piety, 
Coelebs  in  Search  of  a  Wife,  1809. 

—Elizabeth  Inchbald  (1753-1821).  A 
Simple  Story,  1791.  Nature  and 
Art,  1796.  Dramas  ("  Such  Things 
Are,"  "Every  One  has  his  Fault"). 

—William  Beckford  (1760-1844).  Ya- 
thek,  1787.     Burlesque  novels. 

—Mrs.  Anne  Radcliffe  (1764-1823). 
*Mysteries  of  Udolpho,  1794.  Pvo- 
mance  of  the  Forest,  1791. 

—Frances  Bumey.  Madame  D'Arblay 
(1752-1840).  Evelina,  1778.  Ce- 
cilia, 1782.  Camilla.  (Novels  of 
society.) 

—William  Godwin  (1756-1836).  Caleb 
Williams  (of  extraordinary  art  and 
power).     St.  Leon. 


House  of  Hanover : 
— George  I.,  1714.    13  yr. 
—George  II.,  1727.     S3  yr. 
—George  III.,  17(H).   00  yr. 


Daniel     Boone,     1735-1820, 
Kentucky  pioneer. 


Home  Tooke,  1730-1812, 
English  philologist  and 
radical. 


Rothschild,  1743-1812,  Jew- 
ish banker  at  Frankfort. 


St.  Pierre,  1737-1814, 
French  novelist.  "  Paul 
and  Virginia." 


Robespierre,  1758-94,  Jaco- 
bin revolutionist. 


Alexander  Hamilton,  1757- 
1804,  American  statist. 


Thomas  Paine  (1737-1809), 
American  pamphleteer 
and  freethinker. 


La  Place,  1749-1827,  French 
mathematician  and  astron- 
omer. 


40 


Orators:   End  of  ^Eighteenth   Century. 


— George  III.,  1760.   60  yr. 
—George  IV.,  L820.    10  yr. 


Talleyrand,  1754-1838, 

French  diplomatist. 


Madame  de  StdSl,  17G6-1817, 
French  authoress  and  wit. 
"  i  nriiine." 


Admiral  Nelson,  1758-1805. 
At  Nile,  1798;  Trafalgar, 
1800. 


O'Counell,    1770-1S47,    Irish 
patriot  and  orator. 


i:>  an    Nash,    1074-1701,     a 
noted  English  fop. 


170'J. 
siu). 


Catherine    II.   (Bus- 


— M.  G.  Lewis  ( 1775-1818).  The 
Monk,  L796.     Bravo  of  Venice. 

//.    THE   ORATORS. 

—Edmund  Burke  (1730-97).  Numer- 
ous speeches.  ( <  >n  American  Tax- 
ation, 1774.)  An  Inquiry  into 
the  Sublime  and  Beautiful,  1756. 
Present  Discontents,  1770.  Vin- 
dication of  Natural  Society.  Re- 
flections on  the  French  Revolution. 
(An  admirable  command  of  rhet- 
oric.) 

—Charles  James  Fox  (1749-1806). 
Speeches. 

— Henry  Grattan  (1750-1820). 

— John    Philip    Curran    (1750-1817).      Irish 

barrister. 
—Thomas  Erskine  (1756-1823).     Jurist. 

— Richard  Brinsley  Sheridan  (1751- 
1816).  Speech  on  the  Begums  of 
Oude.     (As  dramatist,  p.  46.) 

—William  Pitt,  "the  younger  Pitt" 
(1759-1806).  Speeches.  (Son  of 
the  Earl  of  Chatham,  the  Great 
Commoner,  1708-78.) 

—Thomas  Addis  Emmet  (1764-1827).     Irish 

orator.     Brother  of 
—Robert   Emmet  (1780-1803).     (Both  very 

eloquent.) 

—  Lord  Brougham  (1779-1868). 
Speeches. 

I:    DAWN   OF   ROMAXTIC   POETKY. 
1.  Early  Minor  Ppets: 

—Isaac  Watts  (1674-1748).  (Father  of  mod- 
ern hymnology.) 

—Matthew  Greene  (1696-1737).  "The 
Spleen." 

—Robert  Blair  (1699-1746).  '-The  Grave" 
(a  dull,  didactic  poem). 

— Mm  Dyer  (1700-58).  l-  Ruins  of  Rome," 
"The Fleece"  (containing  beautiful  pic- 
tures of  landscapes),  "Grongaj  Hill," 
1757  ("deservedly  successful"). 

— Philip  Doddridge  (1702-51).  Kise  and  Prog- 
n  39  of  Religion  in  the  Soul.     Hymns. 


Poeirij :  En  J  of  Eighteenth   Century. 


41 


— Joseph  Warton  (1722-1800).     Sonnets. 

—  William  Falconer  (1730-69).     --The  Ship- 

wreck. " 

—Charles  Churchill  (17:11-04).  "The  Ros- 
ciad "  (a  bold,  critical  satire  on  the 
stage) . 

—Erasmus  Darwin  (1731-1802).  "The  Bo- 
tanic Garden." 

—James  Beattie  (1735-1803).  "The  Min- 
strel," 177-4  (,a  didactic  poem  in  the  man- 
ner and  stanza  of  Spenser). 

—Hannah  Cowley  (1743-1809).  "Maid  of 
Arragon,"  "Siege  of  Acre."  Comedies 
("The  Belle's  Stratagem"). 

—George  Canning  (1770-1827).  A 
poem,  "  The  Antijacobin." 

2.  Major  and  Later  Poets  of  the  Period. 
(1740-89.) 

—James  Thomson  (1700-48).  *"The 
Seasons."  "  Castle  of  Indolence." 
"  Soplionisba "  (an  unsuccessful 
drama) . 

—William  Shenstone  (1714-63).  Pas- 
torals. "  The  Schoolmistress," 
1742. 

—Thomas  Gray  (1716-71).  The  fa- 
mous, beautiful  "  Elegy  in  a  Coun- 
try Churchyard,,;TT39r  "Ode  on 
the  Distant  Prospect  of  Eton  Col- 
lege." Letters  from  foreign  travel 
("  some  of  the  best  in  the  English 
language  "). 

— Mark  Akenside  (1721-70).  ("Arti- 
ficial.") "Pleasures  of  the  Imag- 
ination," 1744. 

—  William,    Collins    (1721-59).     "Ode 

to  the  Passions "  (musical,  ener- 
getic, finished).  "Ode  to  Even- 
ing." 
—Oliver  Goldsmith  (1728-74).  (See  p. 
36.)  Poems :  "  Deserted  Village," 
"  Traveller."  Prose  :  Vicar  of 
Wakefield,  1766  (p.  21)  ;  Citizen 
of  the  World,  1760  ;  Histories 
of  England  and  Greece.  Dramas: 
She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  1773 ; 
The  Good-natured  Man. 


-George  III.,  1760.   60 yr. 
-George  IV.,  1820.    10  yr. 


James  Watt,  1730-1819.  Scol 
tish  engineer,  inventor  of 
the     steam     engine,     1760 
(perfected,  1773). 


Rousseau,  1712-78,  French 
philosopher  and  writer. 
"  The  New  Heloise," 
"  Emile,  or  Education." 


1765.     Stamp  Act. 


1769.  Conquest  of  Corsica. 
—  Napoleon  and  Welling- 
ton born. 


Hyder  Alt,  1718-82,  Hindoo 
prince. 


1772-81.   Great  English  jour- 
nals established. 

/ 


Haydn,  1732-1809,  German 
composer.  "  The  Crea- 
tion," oratorio. 


1772.     Partition  of  Poland. 


1770.     United  States  Declar- 
ation of  Independence. 


Lavater,    1741-1801,    Swiss 
physiognomist. 


Lavoisier,    1743-94,    French 
chemist. 


42 


Poetry:    End  of  Eighteenth   Century. 


George  III.,  1760.  GO  yr. 
George  IV.,  1320.  10  yr. 
William  IV.,  1830.     7  yr. 


Warren  Hastings,  1732- 
1818;  in  India,  1772-85, 
as  governor.  Impeached, 
1786. 


1777.     Burgoyne's    surren- 
der at  Saratoga. 


1778.      Umbrellas     in     Eng- 
land. 


1781.  Sunday       Schools 

founded        by        Robert 
Raikes. 


1783.    United     States     inde- 
pendent. 


Lafayette,  1757-1834,  French 
general  and  patriot. 


1784.     Mail  coaches. 


1787.      United    States    Con- 
stitution. 


Schiller,  1759-1805,  German 
poet. 


-William  Cowper  (1731-1800).  ("Best 
of  English  letter-writers." — South- 
ey.)  Didactic  poems:  "Tabic 
Talk,"  "  Truth,"  "  Retirement," 
"The  Task,"  *" John  Gilpin," 
1785.  Hymns  and  fugitive  pieces. 
"To  my  Mother's  Picture." 

—George  Crabbe  (1754-1832).  (A  poet 
for  the  poor;  truthful,  pathetic, 
forcible.)  "The  Library,"  1781; 
"  The  Village,"  1783.  "  The  Parish 
Register,"  "  The  Borough,"  "  Tales 
of  the  Hall." 

—John  Wolcott  ("Peter  Pindar") 
(1738-18 11) ) .  »  The  Razor  Seller," 
and  tales.  "Odes."  "Lousiad," 
"Apple  Dumplings  "  (witty,  coarse 
satires). 

—William  Blake  (1757-1827).  (Poet- 
painter.  Poems  reproduce  the  Eliz- 
abethan spirit.)  "Poetical  Sketch- 
es," "Edward  III.,"  *"  Songs  of 
Innocence,"  and  "  Songs  of  Expe- 
rience." 

The  Literary  Impostors : 

— James  Macpherson  (1738-96).  Po- 
ems of  Ossian  ("  Fin  gal,"  "Temo- 
ra,"  etc.),  ancient  Gaelic  bard. 

—Thomas  Chatterton  (1752-70)  (the 
"marvellous  boy").  "The  Row- 
ley Papers."  Poems  taken  from 
Canynge's  Coffer. 

—William  H.  Ireland  (1777-1835). 
Shakespearian  forgeries.  ("Vor- 
t igern.") 


Great  Poetic  Era :  Beginning  of  Nineteenth  Century. 


43 


III.    Period    of    Modern    Life    (1789    to 
Present). 

^a.  THE  GREAT  POETS  EARLY  LN 
THIS  PERIOD,  AND  CONTEM- 
PORARIES. 

The  growth  and  change  begun  in  the 
preceding  generation  bore  glorious 
fruit  in  the  metrical  romances  of 
Scott,  the  poetic  inspiration  of  Burns, 
and  the  "impassioned  outbursts  of 
Byron  and  Shelley,"  Moore  and 
Keats.  This  poetical  abundance  is 
one  of  the  remarkable  events  of  our 
literature. 

1.  Scottish  Poets: 
—Robert    Burns    (1759-96).     "Jolly 
Beggars,"      "  Cotter's      Saturday 
Night,"  ••Mountain  Daisy,"  "The 
Twa  Dogs,"  "Tarn  O'Shanter,"  etc. 
—Bishop  Thomas  Percy  (1728-1811). 
Collected  the  old  ballads,  in  his 
Reliques  of  Ancient  English  Po- 
etry. 
—James  Hogg  (1770-1835)  ("the  Et- 
trick  Shepherd").     A  pretty  po- 
em,   "Bonny   Kilmeny"    (in   the 
"  Queen's  Wake,"  1813) .     "  Forest 
Minstrel." 
—Sir  Walter  Scott  (1771-1832).     (As 
novelist,  p.  58.)     "  Lay  of  the  Last 
Minstrel"   (1805,  instantly  popu- 
lar) ;  "Lady  of  the  Lake,"  1810; 
"  Marmion,"     "  Rokeby,"     "  Don 
Roderick." 
—Thomas      Campbell      (1777-1844). 
*"  Pleasures  of  Hope,"  1798 ;  "  Lo- 
chiel,"  "Hohenlinden,"  "Gertrude 
of  Wyoming,"   1809;   "Ye  Mari- 
ners of  England." 
—John   Wilson    (1785-1854).      "The 
City    of    the    Plague,"    "Isle    of 
Palms."     As  essayist,  p.  56. 
—Robert  Pollok   (1790-1827).     "The 
Course  of  Time." 


—George  III.,  1760.  60  yr. 
—George  IV.,  1820.  10  yr. 
—William  IV.,  1830.  7  yr. 
—Victoria,  1837. 


1788.  Trial  of  Hastings. 

1789.  President  Washing- 
ton inaugurated. 

1789.  Great  French  Revolu- 
tion; Bastille  stormed. 

1792.  Republicans  victo- 
rious at  Valmy,  under 
Kellermann  (1739-1820). 

1792.  Attack  on  the  Tui- 
leries. 

1793.  Jacobin  rule  in  Paris ; 
Reign  of  Terror;  Louis 
XVI.  guillotined. 

Pulaski,  1747-79,  Polish  pa- 
triot, killed  in  America. 

1793.  Cotton-gin  invented 
by  Eli  Whitney  iu 
Georgia. 

1793.  Execution  of  Marie 
Antoinette  (born  in  1755). 

Marat,  1744-93,  Jacobin 
demagogue,  assassinated 
by      Charlotte      Corday 

(1768-93). 

Kosciusko,  1741-1817,  Po- 
lish patriot. 

Catherine  II.,  empress  of 
Russia,  1762-96. 

1794.  Robespierre  guillo- 
tined; end  of  the  Reign 
of  Terror. 

Napoleon  Bonaparte,  1769- 
1821,  military  genius, 
emperor  of  the  French. 

Josephine,  1763-1814,  first 
wife  of  Napoleon. 

American       Literature, 

third  or  National  Period. 
1800  -  present.  (1800-50, 
Bryant,  Cooper,  Poe,  Irv- 
ing, Emerson,  Fuller.) 

1795.  Day  of  Sections. 

1796-97.  Napoleon's  cam- 
paign in  Italy. 


\[        Great  Poetic  Era:   Beginning  of  Nineteenth  Century. 


<; !x<-  III..  L760.    60  yr. 

George  IV..  1820.  In  yr. 
William  I\  ..  1830.  7  yr. 
Victoria,  1837. 


/.■■■the,  1749-1  s:;j,  great 
( German  author.  "  Faust," 
••  Wllhelm  Meister," 

"  Werther." 


The  Kembles  (actors)  :  John, 
17-'i7-18'J3:  Charles,  1775- 
L854;  Fanny  (burn  L809  . 


//,  1770-1S-27,  Ger 
man  composer.  "  Ninth 
Symphony." 


.     Nelson  wins  the  bat- 
tle of  the  Nile. 


Paganini,    17S4-1S40,    Ital- 
ian violinist. 


Weber,  178G-182G,  German 
composer.  "  lier  Frei- 
schiitz." 


Rossini,    1792-1868,    Italian 
composer.  "  William 

Tell,"    ••  Barber    of    Se- 
ville." 


18D0.        Marengo;        Keller- 
maun     defeats     the    ,\ns- 

trians. 


Immi.   Ilohenlinden :  VEareau 

defeats  the  Austrian;-. 


Capital  of  the  United 

St.iW'N     located     at      Wash- 

Ington, 


Ampere,  1776-1836,   French 
physicist. 


1801.       Paul,     czar.    assa*-i 

Dated. 


1801.      Qnion     of     England 

an. I   Ireland. 


1'.  English  Poets: 
—GEORGE   GORDON,   LORD   BYRON 
(1788—182 1 ).  (A  great  poet,  greater 

as  a  poet  than  as  a  man.)  "  Hours 
ofldleness,"  1$07; "  English  Bards 
ami  Scotch  Ki-\  iewers,"  *"  Childe 
Harold,"  "The  Giaour,"  "Bride 
of  Abydos,"  "Siege  of  Corinth," 
"Parisina,"  "Lament  of  Tasso," 
"Beppo,"  "The  Vision,''  -1'mi 
Juan,"  "Corsair,"  -  Lara,"  *"Man-, 
lied."  Tragedies:  '-Cain,"  "Ma- 
rino  Faliero,"  "Two  Foscari," 
"Werner."  " Sardanapalus,"  etc. 
Shorter  poems  :  "Mazeppa,"  "Pris- 
oner of  Chillon."  "The  Dream." 

—Thomas  Moore  ( 1 779-1852).  "  Lalla 
Rookh,"  "Irish  Melodies,"  Odes, 
and  some  prose  (Life  of  Byron). 
(Eminently  a  lyrist.) 

—Percy  Bysshe  Shelley  (1792-1822). 
(■•In  poetry  what  Turner  was 
in  landscaj  »e-painting."  —  Brook. ) 
"Alastor,"  "Queen  Mab,"  "Hel- 
las," "  Revolt  of  Islam,"  "  Witch 
of  Atlas,"  "Prometheus  Unbound." 
"Qenci"  (a  grave  and  noble  trag- 
edy). -Tut  lie  Skylark,"  "To  the 
Nightingale." 

—John  Keats  (1796-1821).  (A  poet  of 
wonderful  promise;  a  "worshipper 
of  beauty.)  "Endymion,"  "Hy- 
perion,"  ••Lamia"  (poems  of  Greek 
life).  ••  Isabella."  *«Eve  of  St. 
Agnes."  ••  Autumn." 

—Leigh  Hunt  (1784-1859).  Biog- 
rapher, novelist,  journalist.  "Sto- 
ry of  Rimini." 

—Waller  Savage  Landor  (1775-1864). 
"Counl  Julian,"  "Gebir."  -Hel- 
lenics." Imaginary  Conversations. 
Drama 

—  Thomas  Hood  ( 1 798-1845).  "  Bridge 
Sighs,"    ••Son-    oi'   the    Shirt." 
Humorous  pieces, 


The  Lake  Poets,  and   Others. 


45 


—Samuel Sogers  (1763-1855).  "Pleas- 
ures of  Memory,"  "  Human  Life," 
"Italy"  (including  -Ginevra"), 
etc. 

Secondary  List  : 

—Robert  Bloomfield  (1706-1828)  (in  easy, 
harmonious  verse,  pictures  rural  life). 
-Farmer's  Boy";  -Wild  Flowers"; 
"Rural  Tales,"  1810;  "May-Day  with 
the  Muses." 

— Tames  Montgomery  (1771-1^54).  ••(.reen- 
land,"  "The  West  Indies,"  "Prayer." 

—James  Smith  (1775-1839).  "  The  Rejected 
Addresses"  (imitations  of  popular  au- 
thors) . 

—Horace  Smith  (1780-1849).  Aided  in  the 
above  ;  also  wrote  "  Address  to  a  Mum- 
my." 

—Reginald  Heber  (1783-1823).  Hymns 
("  From  Greenland's  Icy  Mountains," 
etc.) 

—Henry  Kirke  White  (1785-1806). 
"  The  Primrose,"  etc.     Essays. 

—Charles  Wolfe  (1791-1823).  "Burial  of 
Sir  John  Moore." 

—Mrs.  Felicia  Hemans  (1793-1835). 
"Homes  of  England,"  "Songs  of 
the  Affections,"  "'Lays  of  Many 
Lands." 

The  Lake  School  —  So  called  because 
these  poets  resided  in  and  near  Gras- 
mere,  in  the  Lake  District  of  north- 
ern England.    Wordsivorth  has  passed 
through   criticisms    of   ridicule   ami 
extravagant  praise.     Though  incon- 
sistent in  theory  and  in  practice,  he 
is   yet   a  true  and  often  masterful 
poet  of  nature.     Coleridge  is  great 
as  poet,  critic,  philosopher,  essayist, 
and  theologian. 
—William  Wordsworth   (1770-1850). 
-Lyrical    Ballads,"    1708-1800  ; 
"The  White  Doe  of  Pvylstone"; 
"The  Idiot  Boy";   "  The  Excur- 
sion," 1814;    "Peter   Bell"  (full 
of  absurd  detail) ;  "  The  Prelude  " ; 


—George  III.,  1760. 
—George  IV.,  1820. 
—William  IV.,  1830. 
—Victoria,  1837. 


1802.    Photographs. 


Richter,    1763-1825,    "Jean 
Paul,"  German  author. 


Grouchy.  17(56-1847,  marshal 
underNapoleon. 


1804.       Napoleon    becomes 
emperor. 


1805.  Trafalgar ;  death 
of  the  victorious  Lord 
Nelson. 


1805.  Austerlitz ;  1806,  Jena ; 
Napoleon  defeats  the  Coa- 
lition troops. 


1806.     Pitt  dies. 


1S07.  Fulton's  steamboat 
on  the  Hudson.  (Robert 
Fulton,  1765-1815.) 


1807.        Portugese     regent, 
John,  flees  to  Brazil. 


Bolivar,  1783-1830,  liberator 
of  the  South  American 
colonies. 


1809.  Battle  of  Wagram ; 
Napoleon  defeats  the 
Austrians. 


1810.    Divorce  of  Joseph  ine; 

Napoleon    marries    Maria 
Louisa  of  Austria. 


Chateaubriand,  1768-1848, 
French  author.  "  The  Ge- 
nius of  Christianity." 


Lord     Castlereagh,     1769- 
1822,  British  statesman. 


46 


Nineteenth    Century:  Dramatists. 


t;cm-£p  III.,  1760. 
George  IV..  1820. 
William  IV.,  1830. 
Victoria,  183". 


r.  ;■.  Von  Humboldt,  1769- 
1839,  German  naturalist 
and  traveller.    "  Cosmos." 


Wellington,  1769-1852,  Eng- 
lish general. 


inih<  hi>  Schlegel,  I7t'>7- 
1845;  German  poet  and 
critic.  "  Kssays  on  Dra- 
matic Literature." 


Friedrich  Schlegel,  \~~±- 
1829,  German  scholar. 
•'  Philosophy  of  History." 


1810.      Bernadotte,    crown 
prince  o1  Sweden. 


.\rnrshal     Key,      1796-1815, 
aide  to  Napoleon. 


1812.  Invasion  of  Russia  by 
Napoleon;  burning  of 
Moscow. 


1812-15.     England  and  Unit- 
ed States  at  war. 


Canova,  1757-1822,  Italian 
sen  I  pi  or.  Classic  subjects; 
HiatucH  of  Washington 
and   Napoleon. 


Fin      ZHavolo,      1769-1806, 
Neapolitan  brigand. 


1813.  Battles  of  Lutzen 
and  Leipsic;  Netherlands 
Independent. 


1813,     Terry's  victory.  Lake 
Erie, 


••  Farrow  Revisited,"  1835.    Many 
fine  sonnets. 
—Samuel   T.    Coleridge    (1772-1834). 

"Ancient  -Mariner"  (in  Words- 
worth^ "Lyrical  Ballads;'  1798.) 
"Sunrise  in  the  Valley  of  Cha- 
inouni";  "ChristabeL"  isi6;  "Ku- 
bla  Khan."  Table  Talk,  Lectures 
on  Shakespeare,  Biographia  Liter- 
aria,  The  Friend  (periodical).  (See 
p.  51.) 
^-2-Uobert  Southey  (1774-1843).  (Very 
industrious  writer.  A  strong  Tory. 
Tone  of  his  poems  exaggerated. 
Fine  prose.)  "  Joan  of  Arc,"  1796 ; 
"Thalaba";  "Vision  of  Judg- 
ment "  (ridiculed  by  Byron)  5 
"  Roderick,"  1814  ;  "  Madoe  "  ; 
"Curse  of  Kehama."  *Life  of 
Nelson ;  Lives  of  the  British  Ad- 
mirals ;  Book  of  the  Church ;  Col- 
loquies on  Society. 

b.    DRAMATISTS. 

—Joanna  Kaillie  (1762-1851).  "Do  Mont- 
fort,"  "  The  Family  Legend,"  "  Ways  on 
the  Passions." 

—George  Colman  (1762-1836)  (the  younger). 
"The  Poor  Gentleman"  ;  "John  Bull." 

— Richard  Brinsley  Sheridan  (1751- 
1816).  ("He  made  the  best  speech, 
and  wrote  the  best  comedies,  the 
best  opera  ["The  Duenna"],  and 
the  best  farce."— Byron.)  "The 
Rivals";  "The  School  for  Scan- 
dal," 1771  ;  "The  Duenna,"  1775; 
••  TEe  Critic,"  1779  (a  farce).  (As 
;m  orator,  p.  40.) 

— James  Sheridan  Knowles  (1784-1862). 
-The  Hunchback,"  "The  Love 
Chase,"  "  William  Tell." 

—Sir  Thomas  Noon  Talfourd  (1795- 
1851).  "Ion"  ("an  exquisite 
tragic  production");  "Athenian 
Captive";  "Glencoc" 


Nineteenth  Century:  Historians. 


47 


c.    THE    LITERATURE    OF    THE 
NINETEENTH   CENTURY. 

This  great  age  is  characterized  by  the 
progress  of  invention  and  general 
education.  Mental,  political,  and 
physical  science  receive  great  im- 
petus from  the  invaluable  works  of 
men  like  Hamilton,  Mill,  and  Spen- 
cer ;  Miller,  Darwin,  and  Tyndall. 
Historical,  religious,  and  critical  pro- 
ductions of  remarkable  power  appear 
from  the  pens  of  Macaulay,  Hallam, 
Carlyle,  Whateley,  Chalmers,  Wil- 
son, Lamb,  and  De  Quincey,  with 
scarcely  less  illustrious  colleagues. 
Art  criticism  and  ethics  form  Rus- 
kin's  held ;  while  the  most  promi- 
nent literary  characteristic  of  the 
time  is  the  development  of  fiction 
under  such  masters  as  Thackeray, 
Bulwer,  George  Eliot,  and  Dickens. 

In  recent  poetry  the  striking  features 
are  the  popularization  of  Tennyson's 
pure  and  graceful  style,  the  revival 
of  amatory  verse  and  of  the  drama 
under  Swinburne,  and  the  introduc- 
tion of  psychological  poetry  by  Rob- 
ert Browning. 


1.    The  Historians  and  Biographers 
(Nineteenth  Century)  : 

— William  Mitford  (1744-1827).  Greece, 
1784-1818  (dull ;  long  since  su- 
perseded. Violently  prejudiced 
against  democracy.) 

—John  Lingard  (1771-1851).  England 
(to  1688),  1819-25  ("influenced 
by  a  dislike  to  the  Reformation  "). 
History  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
Church. 

—Henry  Hallam  (1778-1859).  Europe 
during  the  Middle  Ages,  1818 
(exhaustive,  judicial).  Literature 
of  Europe.    Literary  Essays.    Con- 


— George  III.,  1760. 
—George  IV.,  1820. 
—William  IV.,  1830. 
— Victoria,  1837. 


1814.      Peace 
States. 


with    United 


Kean,  1787-1833,  and  Mac- 
ready,  1793-1873,  great 
English  tragedians. 


1814.  Abdication  of  Napo- 
leon, who  goes  to  Elba; 
Louis  XVIII.  in  Paris, 
Louis  XVII.  having  died 
in  1793. 


1815.    Napoleon's  return  to 
Paris. 


1815.      Battle  of   Waterloo; 
Napoleon  exiled. 


Congress  of  Vienna;  Switz- 
erland declared  inde- 
pendent. 


Blucher,  1742-1819,  Ger- 
man field-marshal.  De- 
cided Waterloo. 


1821.     Death  of  Napoleon  at 
St.  Helena. 


1821.  Henry  Clay's  Mis- 
souri Compromise,  con- 
cerning the  slavery  ques- 
tion. 


Wilberforce,  1759-1833,  Eng- 
lish agitator  of  slavery  dis- 
cussion. (Slavery  in  the 
British  colonies  abolished 
1834.) 


I-  Nineteenth  Century:  Historians  and  Biographers. 


—George  III.,  1760. 
—George  IV.,  182U. 
-William  IV.,  1830. 
—Victoria,  1837. 


Niebuhr,  1776  L831,  German 
historian  of  Rome. 


Ouizot,    1787-1874,    French 
historian. 


1822  -29.     <  Irecian  war  of  in- 
dependence. 


1823.     Death  of  Bozzaris  in 
Greeci . 


L823  -4.      Lord     Byron    in 

i  in  cce. 


Daniel  Webster,  1782-1852. 


./.     /■'.    Coap(  r,    1789  1851, 

American  DOVCliBt. 


1825.      Brazil    independent 

under  Doin  l'edro. 


Metternich,  1775-1859,  Aus- 
trian statesman. 


Washington    Irving,    1783 
1859,   "  the  '  toldsmitfa   ol 
America." 


v 


stitutional    History   of    England, 
L827  ("prejudice  excluded"). 

—Sir  William  .Napier  (1785-1860). 
History  of  the  Peninsular  War, 
1828-40  (in  "too  poetic  prose"). 

—Sir  Francis  Pal  grave  (1788-1861) 
(archaeologist).  A  valuable  work, 
The  Rise  and  Progress  of  the 
English  Commonwealth. 

—Henry  H.  Milman  (1791-1868).  His- 
tory of  the  Jews.  Latin  Chris- 
tianity ("brilliant  and  romantic 
style")-  Gibbon's  Rome.  "Fa- 
zio."   "  Fall  of  Jerusalem." 

—Charles  Knight  (1791-1873).  Pop- 
ular History  of  England.  Half- 
Hours  with  the  Best  Authors. 
Notes  on  Shakespeare. 

—Thomas  Keightley  (1792-1872)  (pop- 
ular, unprejudiced).  England. 
Greece.  Mythology.  Life  of  Mil- 
ton. 

—Thomas  Arnold  (1795-1842)  (Mas- 
ter at  Rugby).  Rome  ("striking 
and  picturesque  rather  than  philo- 
sophical"). Lectures  on  Modern 
History. 

^Thomas  Carlyle  (1795-1881).  Life 
of  Schiller,  1824  Translations 
from  the  German  ("Wilhelm  Meis- 
ter").  The  French  Revolution  (a 
remarkable  production).  History 
of  Frederick  II.  (the  Great).  Lives 
of  Cromwell  and  Sterling.  (Also 
see  p.  57.) 
— George  Grote  (1797-1871).  Greece. 
-Connop      Thirlwall      (1797-1875). 

Greece. 
—Thomas  Babington  Macaulay  (1800- 
59).  (  A  warm,  perspicuous,  splen- 
did prose  style.)  Essays  (on 
Milton,  1825;  Hastings,  Bacon, 
('live,  on  History;  literary  essays). 
ffistgry  of  England  (1685-1702). 
(Also  poet,  p.  62.) 


Nineteenth  Century :   Historians  and  Biographers. 


— Agnes  Strickland  (1801-74).  Lives 
of  the  Queens  of  England  and  of 
Scotland  (16  volumes).  Lives  of 
the  Seven  Bishops. 

—Harriet  Martineau  (18<  12-76 ).  His- 
tory of  England,  1816  to  1840. 
Romances.  Illustrations  of  Politi- 
cal Economy.    Society  in  America. 

— A.  W.  Kingldke  (1802-  ).  Inva- 
sion of  the  Crimea  (hve  volumes, 
vivid,  fascinating).  (As  a  trav- 
eller, p.  55.) 

—William  F.  Skene  (1809-  )  (emi- 
nent antiquary).  Celtic  Scotland, 
1876-80. 

—Charles  Merivale  (1808-74).  Rome 
under  the  Empire. 

—William  Ewart  Gladstone  (1809-  ). 
Studies  in  Homer.  Juventus  Mun- 
di,  etc. 

— George  H.  Baivlinson  (1810-  ).  An- 
cient Monarchies,  etc. 

—John  Forster  (1812-75).  Lives  of 
Goldsmith,  Landor,  and  *Dickens. 

—Edward  Creasy  (1812-78).  Fifteen 
Decisive  Battles. 

—Samuel  Smiles  (1816-  ).  Life  of 
George  Stephenson.  Self -Help. 
Character.  Thrift.  Brief  Biog- 
raphies. 

—Austin  H.  Layard  (1817-  ).  Nin- 
eveh and  its  Remains.  Monu- 
ments of  Nineveh.  Babylon  and 
Nineveh. 

— James  A.  Fronde  (1818-  ).  Eng- 
land, 1529-1603  (picturesque,  dra- 
matic). The  Nemesis  of  Faith. 
Short  Studies  on  Great  Subjects. 
Life  of  Caesar.     Lifej)f_Carlyle. 

—William  Hepworth  BTxon  (1821-79). 
Lives  of  Howard,  Penn,  and  Blake. 
New  America.  Her  Majesty's 
Tower. 

^-Henry   Thomas   Buckle    (1822-62). 
(A   talented   scholar,    "but   para- 


— George  III.,  1760. 
— George  IV.,  1820. 
—  William  IV.,  1830 
— Victoria,  1837. 


1827.    Navarino.    Greece  in- 
dependent, 1829, 


John  Brown,  1800-59. 


T>aguerre,\wi\ 

artist. 


9-1851,  French 


Goodyear,  1800-6U,  inventor 
of  vulcanized  rubber. 


1829,,  Catholic  emancipation 
in  England. 


1829.    Matches  invented. 


Marshal  Bazaine, 
French  general. 


ISll-Ss, 


Mommsen  (born  1817),  Ger- 
man historian. 


50 


Nineteenth  Century:  Historians  and  Biographers. 


— George  111.,  1760. 
—George  IV.,  1820. 
—William  IV.,  1830. 
—Victoria,  1837. 


1830.  Locomotive  first  used. 


1830.       Louis    Thilippe    in 
l'aris. 


Jenny  Lirfd  fb.  1821),  Swed- 
ish vocalist. 


1830.    Belgium  independent. 


Kant,  172  4-1804,  German 
metaphysician.  "Critique 
of  Lure' Reason." 


lldlim  miiini,  17.'i"i-1S4:;, 

German    physician.      Ho- 
moeopathy. 


doxical    and    incoherent.")     His- 
tory of  Civilization. 

—Sir  Henry  .Maine  (1822-  ).  Roman 
Law.  Ancient  Law.  Village  Com- 
munities. Early  History  of  In- 
stitutions. 

—Prof .  David  Masson  (1822-  ).  Life 
of  Milton.  Biographical  and  Crit- 
ical Essays. 

— E.  A.  Freeman  (1823-  ).  Norman 
Conquest  ("may  be  ranked  among 
the  great  works"  of  the  century). 
History  of  Architecture.  Histori- 
cal Essays.  Historical  Geography 
of  Europe. 

—William  Stubbs  (1825-  ).  Consti- 
tutional History  of  England  (a 
"learned  and  important  work"). 

—Rev.  Alfred  J.  Church  (1829-  ). 
Stories  from  Homer.  Stories  from 
Virgil.  Stories  from  Herodotus. 
Stories  from  the  Greek  Tragedies. 

—Justin  McCarthy  (1830-  ).  His- 
tory of  Our  Own  Times.     Novels. 

—Augustus  J.  C.  Hare  (1834-  ). 
Walks  in  Rome.  Days  near  Rome. 
Walks  in  London.  Memorials  of 
a  Quiet  Life. 

— S.  Baring-Gould  (1834-  ).  Curious 
Myths  of  the  Middle  Ages.  Lives 
of  the  Saints.  History  of  Ger- 
many. 

—John  R.  Green  (1837-S3).  England. 
Also  Shorter  History.  Studies 
from  England  and  Italy. 

— William  EH.  Lecky  (1838-  ).  The 
English  in  Ireland  in  the  Eigh- 
teenth Century.  History  of  Eu- 
ropean Morals.  England  in  the 
Eighteenth  Century,  1818=82, 

— Rev.  J.  L.  Mahaffy  (183&-  ).  Social 
Life  in  Greece.  Rambles  and 
Studies  an  Greece.  Old  Greek 
Life.  Old  Greek  Education.  •His- 
tory of  Classical  Greek  Literature. 


Philosophers  of  the    Present    Century, 


51 


— D.  M.  Wallace  (1841-  ).  History 
of  Russia. 

— C.  A.  Fyffe  (1845-  ).  History  of 
Modern  Europe.  Primers  of  an- 
cient history. 

The     Philosophers     (Nineteenth 
Century) : 

—  Icremy  Bentham  (1748-1882).  Frag- 
ment on  Government,  1776.  Prin- 
ciples of  Morals  and  Legislation, 
1789  ("  utilitarian  "ideas).  ("He 
found  jurisprudence  a  gibberish 
and  left  it  a  science."  —  Macau- 
lay.) 

—Dugald  Stewart  (1753-1828).  Phil- 
osophy of  the  Human  Mind.  Out- 
lines of  Moral  Philosophy,  etc. 

— Sir  James  Mackintosh  (1765-1832). 
Ethical  Philosophy.  The  Law  of 
Nature  and  Nations.  Essays.  Life 
of  More. 

—Thomas  E.  Malthus  (1766-1834). 
Principle  of  Population. 

—Thomas    Brown    (1778-1820) 
Cause  and  Effect,  etc. 

—David    Ricardo    (1772-1823). 
Taxation,  etc. 

— S.  T.  Coleridge  (1772-1834).  Aids 
to  Reflection,  1805.  Church  and 
State.     Lay  Sermons. 

—James  Mill  (1773-1836). 
of   the   Human  Mind, 
of    Political    Economy 
of  British  India. 

— Sir  William  Hamilton  (1788-1856). 
The  Philosoplry  of  the  Uncondi- 
tioned, 1829.  Discussions  of  Phil- 
osophy, Lectures,  etc. 

—Augustus  De  Morgan  (1806-71). 
Works  on  Mathematics.  Formal 
Logic,  1847. 

—John  Stuart  Mill  ( 1806-73) .  System 
of  Logic,  1843.  Political  Economy, 
1848.     On  Liberty.     Subjection  of 


On 


On 


Analysis 
Elements 

History 


—George  III.,  17fi0. 
—George  IV.,  1820. 
—William  IV.,  1830. 
—Victoria,  1837. 


Gall,  1758-1828,  German 
physician,  founder  of 
phrenology. 


Hegel,    1770-1831,     German 
philosopher  and  pantheist. 


Froebel,  1782-1852.    German 
educator.  (Kindergarten.) 


Cobbett,  1762-1835,  and  Peel, 
1788-1850,  political  reform- 
ers in  England. 


1832.     Poland   made  a 
'    of  Russia. 


part 


Schopenhauer,  178S-1860, 
German  pessimist  philos- 
opher. 


Gay      Lussac,      1778-1850, 
French  chemist. 


Comte,  179S-1857,  French 
philosopher.  (The  Posi- 
tive  Philosophy.) 


Remusat,  1797-1875.  French 
statesman.  "  Essays  on 
Philosophy." 


Balzac,    1799-1850,    French 
novelist. 


Immanuel  Fickle,  1797- 
1879,  German  philosopher, 
follower  of  Kant's  "  tran- 
scendentalism." 


52 


Philosophers  of  the  Present   Century. 


George  III.,  1760. 
— George  IV.,  1820. 
—William  IV.,  1830. 
—Victoria,  1837. 


John   Bright,  1811-89,  Eng- 
lish statesman. 


Cobden,  1804-65,  English 
economist.  Leading  advo- 
cate of  Free  Trade. 


1835.     Telegraph  invented. 


1838.     Test  Act  repealed. 


Schubert,    1797-1828,    Ger- 
man composer. 


Mind    and 


).   Over- 

Neces- 
With 


Women,  1870.      Dissertations  and 
Essays.     Autobiography. 

— G.  H.  Lewes  (1817-78).  Problems  of 
Life  and  Mind.  History  of  Phi- 
losophy. Physiology  of  Common 
I j i I'e  ( valual >le).  Life  and  Works 
of  Goethe 

—Alexander  Bain  (1818-77).    Logic  ;  Mental 
and    Moral    Science,    1855 
Body,  1ST:;. 

—William  Thomas  Thornton  (1818- 
population,  Labor,  etc. 

— William  Thomson  (1819-  ). 
sary  Laws  of  Thought. 
Peter  G.  Tait  (1825-  ),  Treatise 
on  Natural  Philosophy  ;  The  Un- 
seen Universe. 

—Henry  L.  Mansel  ( 1 821  >-71).  Limits 
of  Religious  Thought ;  Prolegom- 
ena Logica,  etc. 

— John  Ruskin  (1819-  ).  Essays  on 
Political  Economy  ;  Ethics  of  the 
Dust;  Crown  of  Wild  Olives; 
Sesame  and  Lilies,  and  other  eth- 
ical works  (beautiful  in  sentiment 
and  in  style). 

—Herbert  Spencer  (1820-  ).  (One 
of  the  clearest  thinkers  of  the 
age.)  First  Principles  (a  system 
of  philosophy,  an  admirable  work). 
Sociology.  Biology.  On  Educa- 
tion.    Psychology. 

—Walter  Bagehot  (1826-77).  Physics 
and  Politics.  History  of  the  Eng- 
lish Constitution. 

— W.  S.  Jevons  (1835-88).  Lessons 
in  Logic.  On  Political  Economy. 
Principles  of  Science. 

— [Whately,  who  follows,  might  also 
appear  in  this  list.    See  his  works.] 


:;. 


The    Clergy     (Nineteenth     Cen- 
tury) : 
—RobertHall  (1764-1831).  [nfidelity. 

Christianity    and    Freedom.     Ser- 
mons, eloquent,  cogent. 


Philosophic  and   Religious   Writers. 


53 


—  Thomas  Chalmers  (1780-1847).  Nat- 
ural Theology.  Astronomical  dis- 
course. 

—Richard  Wliately  (1787-180:5).  New 
Testament  Difficulties.  Historic 
Doubts  Relative  to  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte. Logic.  Rhetoric.  Politi- 
cal Economy. 

— JohnKeble  (1792-1866).  Sermons. 
"  Christian  Year." 

— John  Henry  Newman  (1801-  ).  (Car- 
dinal, 1879.)  Oxford  Tracts.  Ser- 
mons. Apologia  pro  Vita  Sua,  1864. 

— R.  C.  Trench  (1807-  ).  Study  of 
Words.  English  Past  and  Present. 
Poems.     Religious  Works. 

—Henry  Alford  (1810-71).  Poems. 
Queen's  English.  Greek  Testa- 
ment. Bible  for  English  Readers 
(notes  and  exegesis). 

—Arthur  P.  Stanley  (the  Dean)  (1815- 
81).  Lectures  on  History  of  the 
Jewish  Church.  Life  of  Thomas 
Arnold,  1844.     Sermons. 

—Norman  McLeod  (1812-72).  Ser- 
mons. Poems.  Stories.  Remi- 
niscences of  a  Highland  Parish. 

—Stopford  Brooke  (1832-  ).  Christ  in 
Modern  Life.  Sermons.  An  excel- 
lent Primer  on  English  Literature. 
Life  of  F.  W.  Robertson. 

_ F.  W.  Robertson  '(1816-53).  Ser- 
mons and  Lectures. 
--—Charles  Kingsley  (1819-75).  As  nov- 
elist, p.  60.  Poems  :  "  Sands 
o'  Dee,"  "  Andromeda,"  etc.  Ser- 
mons. (Interested  in  the  laborers, 
to  whom  he  preached.) 
—Charles  Spurgeon  (1834-  ).  John 
Ploughman's  Talks.     Sermons. 

L  Physical  Scientists  : 
—John  Dalton  (1766-1844).     System 
of  Chemical  Philosophy. 
-—Sir    Humphry    Davy    (1778-1829). 
(Inventor  of   safety -lamp.)     Ele- 


— George  II.,  1727. 
-Ceoige  III.,  17i.". 
—George  IV.,  1820. 
—William  IV.,  1830. 
—Victoria,  1837. 


1841.     Mehemet  Ali,  viceroy 
of  Egypt. 


1843.     Napier's  conquest  of 
Scinde  (India). 


1844.      Morse   Telegraph   in 
United  States. 


Renan,  b.  1823,  French  phil- 
ologist.   "  Life  of  Jesus." 


American       Literature, 

1850  to  the  present 
(Longfellow,  Whittier, 
Lowell,  Hawthorne,  Mrs. 
Stowe,  Prescott,  Ban- 
croft, Thoreau,  Whipple, 
Holmes). 


1S44.      Ether    as    an    anaes- 
thetic 


1S45.     Irish  famine. 


Folia,     1745-1827,      Italian 
physicist. 


1846.    Corn  laws  repealed. 


Cuvier,     1769-1S32,    French 
naturalist. 


54 


Scientist*  of  the  Present  Century. 


—George  ill.,  17t>o. 
—George  IV..  1820. 
—William  IV.,  1830. 
—Victoria,  1837 


(leori/f      Stcrenson,     17S1 
1848,  inventor  of  the  loco- 
motive (1830). 


1847.     French  conquer  Al- 
geria. 


Ckampottion,         1791-1832, 

French  Egyptologist. 


1846.    Mexican  War  begins. 


1S47.     City  of  Mexico  taken 
by  General  Scott. 


Santa  Anna,  1798-1876, 
Mexican  general  and 
president. 


1848.     Revolt    of    Hungary 
under  Kossuth  (h.  1802). 


1849.      Gold    discovered    in 
California. 


1849.     The  Pope   Hies   from 
Rome. 


Cruikshanh,  1792-1878,  Eng- 
lish  humorous  artist. 


Baron  Liebig,  1803  7:;,  Ger- 
man chemist. 


I.trvrrier,    1H1 1-77,    Wrench 
aati  onomei . 


Oaribaldi,    1807  82,    Italian 
popular  leader  1 1860 


intuits  of  Chemical  Philosophy, 
1812. 

—Mrs.  Mary  Somerville  (1780-1872). 
Mechanism  of  the  Heavens,  1831. 
Physical  Geography.  Molecular 
and  Microscopic  Science. 

—Sir  David  Brewster  (1781-1868).  On 
Light.  More  Worlds  than  One. 
Life  of  Euler.    Martyrs  of  Science. 

—Michael  Faraday  (1791-1867).  Lec- 
tures (Chemistry).  Researches  in 
Electricity. 

—Sir  John  Herschel  (1792-1871).  Pre- 
liminary Discourse  on  Natural  Phi- 
losophy.    Outline  of  Astronomy. 

—  William  Wlieicell  (1794-1 866) .  His- 
tory of  the  Inductive  Sciences. 
A  Famous  Bridgewater  Treatise. 

—Sir  Roderick  Murchison  (1792-1870). 
Siluria.  On  the  Geology  of  Russia. 

—Sir  Charles  Lyell  (1797-1875).  Prin- 
ciples of  Geology.  Travels  in 
North  America.  *  Antiquity  of 
Man,  1863. 

—Hugh  Miller  (1802-56) .  (No  author 
equals  him  as  a  popular  illustrator 
of  geology.)  Footprints  of  the 
Creator.  Old  Red  Sandstone.  Tes- 
timony of  the  Rocks.  My  Schools 
and  Schoolmasters  (an  autobiog- 
raphy). 

—Charles  Darwin  (1809-82).  Origin 
of  Species.  Variation  of  Animals 
and  Plants  under  Domestication. 
The  Naturalists'  Voyage.  Emo- 
tion in  Animals.  Climbing-Plants. 
Insectivorous  Plants.  Descent  of 
Man.     Movements  in  Plants. 

— John  Tyndall  (1S20-  ).  On  Sound. 
The  Forms  of  Water.  Radiation. 
Heat  as  a  Mode  of  Motion.  Frag- 
ments of  Science. 

—Alfred  R.  Wallace  (1822-  ).  (An 
independent  originator  of  a  theory 
of  natural  selection.)      Travels  on 


Nineteenth  Century  :  Science,  Travel. 


55 


the  Amazon.     The   Malay  Archi- 
pelago.   Geographical  Distribution 

J.  O  OS. 

of  Animals. 

—Thomas  H.  Huxley  (1825-  ).  Man's 
Place  in  Nature.  Protoplasm.  Lay 
Sermons.  Lectures  (Anatomy  and 
Physiology,  Evolution,  etc.). 

—Francis  T.  Buckland  (1826-80).  Cu- 
riosities of  Natural  History.  Fa- 
miliar History  of  British  Fishes. 

—Sir  John  Lubbock  (1834-  ).  Pre- 
historic Times.  Origin  of  Civili- 
zation. British  Wildflowers.  Flow- 
ers, Fruits,  and  Leaves.  Ants,  Bees, 
and  Wasps.     Pleasures  of  Life. 

—Joseph  K  Lockyer  (1836-  ).  Solar 
Physics.  Recreations  in  Astron- 
omy. 

— R.  A.  Proctor  (1837-88).  Other 
Worlds.  Myths  and  Marvels  of 
Astronomy.  Lectures  on  Astron- 
omy, etc. 

—Clerk  Maxwell  (1831-  ).  Elec- 
tricity and  Magnetism. 

— Max  Mutter  (1823-  ).  Chips  from  a 
German  Workshop.  Science  of  Lan- 
guage. The  Home  of  the  Aryas,  etc. 
—Charles  Grant  Allen  (1848-  ). 
Physiological  ^Esthetics.  Color 
and  Sense.  Force  and  energy. 
Color  of  Flowers,  etc. 

.  Travelers  : 

—Charles  Waterton  (1782-1865).  Wander- 
ings. Essays  in  Natural  History  ("in- 
teresting, delightful"). 

—A.  W.  Kinglake  (1802-  ).  Eothen 
(vivid,  eloquent). 

—Sir  J.  E.  Tennent  (1804-69).  Greece. 
Ceylon. 

—David  Livingstone  (1817-73).  Nar- 
rative of  an  Expedition  to  the 
Zambesi. 

—Sir  Samuel  Baker  (1821-  ).  Lake 
Nyanza,  Cast  up  by  the  Sea,  a 
novel. 


— George  III.,  1760. 
—George  IV..  1820. 
—William  IV.,  1830. 
—Victoria,  1837. 


1848-52.  Second  Republic 
in  France,  after  Louie* 
Philippe's  abdication. 


1851.  Coup  d'Etat  by  Louis 
Napoleon,  who  in  1852  :is- 
sumes  as  Napoleon  III. 
the  title  of  emperor. 


1851.     World's  Fair  at  Lon- 
don. 


Bessemer,    born     1813,    in- 
ventor of  Bessemer  steel. 


1851.     Gold 
Australia. 


discovered    in 


Sir  John  Franklin,  178ft- 
1847,  English  Arctic  ex- 
plorer. 


Houdin,     1805-71,     French 
conjurer. 


56 


Nineteenth  Century:   Reviewers  and  Essayists. 


—George  III.,  1760. 
-«;.orge  IV.,  L820. 
-William  IV.,  1830. 
—Victoria,  1837. 


1852.     Louis  is  made  Napo- 
leon III. 


Dr.  Kane,  1820-57. 


itu  Chaillu,  b.  183 


//.  M.  Stanley,  b.  1840. 


Lord  Raglan,  1788-1855, 
English  general  in  the 
(1853-56)  Crimean  War, 
—  England  and  France 
against  Russia. 


1855.  Sebastopol  taken  by 
England  and  France,  after 
the  battles  of  Balaklava 
(read  Tennyson's  "Charge 
of  the  Light  Brigade ") 
and  Inkerman. 


Florenrr    nightingale    (b. 

1820),   heroine   In   the  <  !|  i- 
i ura 1 1  War. 


1857.  Indian  mutiny.  Delhi 
taken  by  the  Sepoys; 
English  residents  mas- 
sacred. 


1858.      Atlantic      cable     at- 
tempted. 


William    Blackwood,   1776- 
1817,  Scottish  publisher. 


Junius  Brutus  Booth,  1796- 
1862,  English  tragedian. 
Father  or  John  Wilkes 
and  Edwin. 


Turner,      1775-1851,      greal 
English  landscape  paintei . 


1859.     Napoleon  III.  defeats 

the  Austrian!  at  Magenta 
and  Solferino. 


B.    Reviewers   ami  Essayists: 

— Isaac  Disraeli  (1766-1848).  Curi- 
osities of  Literature. 
-Francis  Jeffrey  (1773-1850).  Ed- 
ited the  Edinburgh  Review  1802-9. 
(Associated  witli  Lord  Brougham, 
1779-1868.) 

^-Sydney  Smith  (1771-1845).  Contrib- 
uted also  to  the  Edinburgh  Review. 
1  'eter  Plymley's  Letters. 

—William  Gifford  (1757-1826).  Quar- 
terly Review,  1809.  "Baviad" 
and  "  Mseviad." 

—Charles  Lamb  (1 775-1834)  ("a  genius 
of  rare  quality  ") .  Essays  of  Elia. 
John  Woodvil,  a  drama.  With 
Mary,  his  sister,  he  wrote  Tales 
from  Shakespeare. 

^-William  Hazlitt  (1778-1830).  Princi- 
ples of  Human  Action.  Characters 
in  Shakespeare.  Life  of  Napoleon. 
Lectures  on  the  Elizabethan  Drama 
Essays.    Table  Talk. 

— John  G.  Lockhart  (1794-1854).  Lives 
of  Burns,  Scott,  and  Napoleon. 
Valerius,  a  novel.  Contributor  to 
Blackwood's,  1817. 

— 'William  Howitt  (1795-1879).  Book 
of  the  Seasons  (enthusiastic  delin- 
eations of  rural  scenery).  Rural 
Life  in  England;  in  Germany. 
With  bis  wife  Mary,  Poems  and 
Sketches.     Homes  of  the  Poets. 

—John  Wilson  (1785-1854)  («  Chris- 
topher North").  Noctes  Ambro- 
sianae  (lively  conversations  on  gen- 
eral topics).  Lights  and  Shadows 
of  Scottish  Life.  Tales.  (Con- 
tribntor  to  Blackwood's.)  "Isle 
of  Palms,"  "  City  of  the  Plague." 

— Thomas  De  Quincey  (1785-1859).  The 
(melancholy,  fascinating)  Confes- 
sions of  an  English  Opium  Eater. 
Stage  Coach,  and  other  Essays. 
(Style  polished.) 


( 'ritics  and  Essayists. 


57 


—Thomas  Carlyle  (1795-1881 ) .  Sartor 
Resartus,  1834;  Heroes  and  Hero 
Worship.  Lectures.  Essays  and 
Miscellany.     (See  p.  48.) 

— Mrs.  Anna  Jameson  (1796-1860) 
(Shakespearian  critic).     Loves  of 


the   Poets. 
Literature. 
Women. 
-Mary    Cowden 
Concordance 


Essays  on  Art   and 
Characteristics     of 


Clarke    (1809-     ). 
of   Shakespeare. 
-Douglas  Jerrold  (1803-57).    Caudle 
Lectures,  Story  of  a  Feather,  Es- 
says. 
—James    Spedding    (1809-81).      Ed. 
Bacon's   Works.      Life   and   Let- 
ters of  Bacon.     Reviews  and  Dis- 
cussions.     Evenings  with   a   Re- 
viewer. 
-John     Stuart     Blackie     (1809-     ). 
Horae    Hellenicee.      Translations 
and  poems.     Self-Culture. 

—Dr.  John  Brown  (1810-82).  Hone  Subse- 
civse  (essays  and  sketches,  including 
Rab  and  His  Friends). 

— Sir  Arthur  Helps  (1814-75).  Essays.  Lives 
of  Cortez  and  Pizarro.  Companions  of 
my  Solitude.  ("  Beautiful  and  quiet  Eng- 
lish." —  Ruskin.) 

—John  Ruskin  (1819-  )  (The  creator 
of  a  new  literature,  that  of  art). 
Stones  of  Venice  ;  Modern  Paint- 
ers, 1843-60;  Seven  Lamps  of 
Architecture,  1849 ;  Lectures  on 
Architecture  and  Painting,  1854. 
(Also  p.  52.) 

— John  C.  Shairp  (1819-  ).  Culture 
and  Religion.  Aspects  of  Poetry. 
Poetic  Interpretation  of  Nature. 

— Professor  Henry  Morley  (1822-  ). 
Sketch  of  English  Literature1;  and 
other  critical  works. 

—Matthew  Arnold  (1822-88).  Critical 
and  Political  Essays.  Civilization 
in  America.     (Also  poet.  p.  63.) 


—George  III.,  1760. 
—George  IV..  1820. 
—William  IV.,  1S30. 
—Victoria,  1837. 


/.'.  ir.  Emerson,  1803-82, 
American  poet  and  phi- 
losopher. 


Donizetti,  1798-1848,  Italian 
composer.  "  Lucia  di 
Lammermoor,"  "  Lucrezia 
Borgia." 


Alt,  1819-85,  and  Offen- 
bach, 1819-80,  German 
composers. 


lie  Tocqueville,  1805-59, 
French  statesman.  "  De- 
mocracy in  America." 


Lanclseer,  1802-57,   English 
painter  of  animals. 


O.     W.     Holme*   (b.   1809), 
American  writer. 


Margaret 

1810-50, 
thoress. 


Fuller     Ossoli, 

American      au- 


Taine  (b.  1S2S),  French 
critic  and  historian.  "An- 
cient Regime,"  "  English 

Literature." 


58 


Earlier   Novelists  of  I'll'-    Ixccfnt    Period. 


— George  III.,  1760. 
—George  IV.,  1S20. 
-William  IV..  1830. 
—Victoria,  1837. 


1860.  Garibaldi's  insurrec- 
tion in  Italy  succeeds,  and 
Italy  is  united  under  Vic- 
tor Emmanuel,  1861 . 


L861.      Death     of      Albert, 
I'rince  Consort,  b.  1819. 


1861.    Emancipation  of  Rus- 
sian serfs. 


1861-65.    Civil  War  in  United 
States. 


1S63.  Battle  of  Gettysburg; 
Gen.  li.  E.  Lee  defeated 
by  Gen.  Meade. 


Beau   Brummel,  1778-1840, 
English  man  of  fashion. 


Lamartine,  1792-1S09, 

French    poet    and    states- 
man. 


Morse,   1791-1872,    inventor 
of  the  telegraph. 


Meyerbeer,  1794-1864,  Ger- 
man composer.  "  Semira- 
mide,"  "Robert  le  Dia- 
ble,"  "  L'Etoile  du 
Xord." 


Afottke,     b.    1S00,    Prussian 
general. 


Dumas,      1803  70,      French 

novelist.    "  Three  Guards- 
men, "  etc. 


X 


—Philip  Gilbert  Hamerton  (1834-  ). 
Intellectual  Life.     Essays. 

—Rev.  Walter  W.  Skeat  (1885-  ). 
Etymological  Dictionary  of  the 
English  Language.  Various  useful 
editions  of  Early  English  produc- 
tions. 

Novelists  (Nineteenth  Century)  : 

a.    Earlier  Novelists  (born  last  century)  : 

— Maria  Edgeworth  (1767-1849)  (admired 
greatly  by  Scott).  Castle  Rackrent,  1800. 
Patronage.  Absentee.  Tales  of  Fashion- 
able Life,  1809. 

— fane  Austen  (1775-1817)  (fine  de- 
scriptions of  life  in  the  middle 
classes).  Sense  and  Sensibility, 
1811.  Pride  and  Prejudice,  1813. 
Emma,  1816.  Mansfield  Park.  Per- 
suasion. 

—Mrs.  Shelley  (1798-1857).  Frank- 
enstein, 1817.  The  Last  Man. 
Falkland. 

—Jane  Porter  (1776-1850).  Thaddeus 
of  "Warsaw,  1803.  Scottish  Chiefs, 
1810. 

—SIR  WALTER  SCOTT  (1771-1832). 
Waverley  Novels : 

1.  Historical  (Classification  from  Shaw)  : 
— Scottisli :    Waverley,  Monastery,  Ab- 
bot, Old  Mortality,  Fair  Maid  of 
Perth,  Legend  of  Montrose,  Castle 
Dangerous. 

— English  :  Ivanhoe,  Kenilworth,  Wood- 
stock, Betrothed,  Talisman,  Peveril 
of  the  Peak,  Nigel. 

— Continental :  Anne  of  Geierstein. 
Quentin  Durward,  Robert  of  Paris. 

2.  Personal : 
— Cuy  Mannerinu.  Antiquary,  Heart  of 

Midlothian,  Pirate,  Black  Dwarf, 
Rol>  liny,  Bride  of  Lainmermoor, 
Redgauntlet,  etc. 

—Mary  Pnssell  Mitford  (1789-1855). 

( >ur  Village.     Rienzi,  a  tragedy. 
—Frederick     Marryat     (1792-1848). 

Peter  Simple.     Japhet  in  Search 


Modern  Fiction. 


59 


of  a  Father.  Jacob  Faithful.  Mr. 
Midshipman  Easy.  (Delightful 
and  humorous  sea-tales.) 
—Samuel  Lover  (1797-1868).  Rory 
O'More.  Handy  Andy.  Treasure 
Trove.     Poems. 

b.   Later  Novelists  (born  this  century)  : 

— Benjamin  Disraeli  (Beaconslield) 
(1805-80).  Vivian  Grey.  Con- 
ingsby.  Henrietta  Temple.  Con- 
tarini  Fleming.  Tancred.  Endy- 
mion.     Lothair,  etc. 

— Sir  Edward  George  Bulwer-Lytton 
(1805-73).  Pelham,  1827.  Eu- 
gene Aram.  The  Caxtons.  Last 
Days  of  Pomjyeii.  My  Novel.  Ri- 
enzi.  Kenelm  Chillingly.  Strange 
Story.  Ernest  Maltravers.  Alice. 
Two  successful  dramas,  1838-39 : 
Lady  of  Lyons  ;  Richelieu. 

—William   H.    Ainsworth   (1805-81'). 

Jack  Sheppard.     Guy  Fawkes. 
— Charles    Lever    (1806-72).      Harry 
Lorrequer.      The    Dodd    Family. 
Charles     O'Malley.      Martins    of 
Cro'  Martin,  etc. 

—Mrs.  Elizabeth  Gaskell  (lS10-0r>). 
Ruth.  Wives  and  Daughters.  *Cran- 
ford.     Life  of  Charlotte  Bronte. 

—Charlotte  Bronte  (1816-55) .  ("  Cur- 
rer  Bell."  "Novels  of  passion.") 
Jane  Eyre,  1847  (remarkably  suc- 
cessful). Shirley.  Villette.  The 
Professor. 

—Charles  Reade  (1814-84).  Christie 
Johnstone.  Put  Yourself  in  His 
Place.     Griffith  Gaunt. 

—Anthony  Trollope  (1815-83).  The 
Bertrams.  Barchester  Towers. 
Framley  Parsonage.  The  Warden. 
Orley  Farm.  Is  He  Popenjoy? 
Phineas  Finn.  Doctor  Thome.  (Sa- 
tirical, dryly  humorous,  practically 
public-minded.     Characters  real.) 


—George  III.,  1760. 
—George  IV.,  1820. 
—William  IV.,  1830. 
— Victoria,  1837. 


Bellini,  1802-35,  Italian 
composer.  "  La  Sonnain- 
bula,"  "  Norma." 


Johann  Strauss,  1804-19, 
German  composer  of  dance 
music. 


Balfe,   1808-70,    Irish    com- 
poser.   "Bohemian  Girl." 


Nathaniel  Hawthorne,  1804- 
64,  American  novelist. 


MacMahon  (b.  1S08),  mar- 
shal and  president  of 
France. 


linns  Christian  Andersen, 
1805-75,  Danish  author.   ■ 


Schumann,  1810-56,  German 
composer. 


Lincoln,  1809-65. 


Mendelssohn,  1809-17,  great 
German  musician  and 
composer.  "  Elijah," 

"  Songs   without   words," 

etc. 


George  Sand,  1804-70 
(Mine.  Dudevant),  French 
novelist. 


Eugene  5we,  1804-57,  French 
novelist.  "  Wandering 

Jew." 


60 


Modern    Fiction. 


>]  ge  Ml 
George  IV.,  1820. 
w  Ullain  n 
—Victoria,  i- 


pietor       Hugo,       i^1- 
French  "  L*a 

Uiserabl 
Dame." 


Flotow,     1812  83,     German 
compoaer,    "  Martha." 


Atlantic 


narck,  b.  lsi">- 


iv.C.  "  Seven  \\  eeke'  War" 
between  Austria  ;uiJ  Prus- 
sla;  battle  of  Badowa. 


1867.     Vienna  Exposition. 


Yfa  ,  imilian  oi    A  ustria     b. 
.  emperor  of  Mexico, 
killed  in  Stex 


3oez  Canal. 


Turguenieff,    1818-83,    Bus 
sian   Doveliet. 


]s7n    71.      Franco  Prussian 
War. 


1870.     Battle  Sedan;    Pi 

Sapoleon  111'. 


at    b.  i  • 
Irish    .i  In    New 

since  1878.     "  <  Icto- 
m,"  "  < lolleen  Ba« 


• 


—('/,<< rles  Kingsley  (1819-75).  Alton 
Locke.  Hypatia.  Westward  II<>. 
(  Also  p.  53,  clergyman.) 

—WILLIAM  M.  THACKERAY  (1811- 
63).  ("Attacked  the  petty  vanities 
and  insincerities  of  life.")  Paris 
Sketch  Hook.  Great  Hoggi  i  rl  y  Dia- 
mond. 1840.  Vanity  Fair.  Henrj 
Esmond.  Pendennis.  Virginians. 
*The  Newcomes.  Adventures  of 
Philip.    Roundahout  Papers,  L862. 


The  Four  Georges. 


English   Hu- 


morists. 

-CHARLES  DICKENS  (1812-70).  (Hu- 
morist, reader,  actor,  and  novelist.) 
Sketches  by  Boz,  L836.  Master 
Humph  ivy's  Clock.  IS  10.  Ameri- 
canNotes.  Pickwick  Pagers.  David 
Comerjield.  Nicholas  Nickleby. 
Oliver  Twist.  .Martin  Chuzzlewit. 
Our  Mutual  Friend.  A  Christmas 
Carol.    Edwin  Drood  (unfinished). 

-"George  Eliot"  (Marian  Evans) 
(Mrs.  Lewes)  (1819-80).  Scenes 
of  Clerical  Life.  MilljOnthe  Floss. 
SilasMarner.  AdamBede.  Daniel 
Deronda.  Eomola.  Theophrastus 
Such.  Middlemarch.  Felix  Holt. 
'•How  Lisa  Loved  the  King." 
"Spanish  Gypsy."  (Faith in  "plain 
living,  high  thinking.") 

-Captain   Mayne  Reid  |  L818-83).     Talcs  of 
adventure. 

-Mrs.  Henry  Wood  (1820-  ).  East 
Lynne. 

-Charlotte  M.  Yonge  (1823-  ).  Nov- 
els. I  listory  of  France.  Life  of 
Marie  Antoinette.  The  Victorian 
Half  Century. 

-Mrs.  Margaret  Oliphant  (1828-  ). 
Lady. lane.  Harry Joscelyn.  Zai- 
dee.  Harry  Muir.  Agnes.  Mark- 
land.  Salem  Chapel.  Literary 
History  of  England.  ("Great 
power    of     construction,    and     a 


Recent  Novelists. 


61 


penetrating  knowledge  of  human 

nature.") 
—Dinah  Muloch  Craik  (1826-     ).  John 

Halifax. 
— George MacDonald (1824-    ).  ("Mas- 
ter of  thought  and  sentiment;  little 

constructive    power.")     Malcolm. 

Alec  Forbes.     St.  George  and  St. 

Michael.    Donal  Grant.     Hannah. 

Robert    Falconer.      Annals    of    a 

Quiet  Neighborhood. 
—  William    Wilkie    Collins    (1824-89). 

Moonstone.      Woman    in   White. 

Armadale. 
—Thomas    Hughes    (1828-     ).     Tom 

Brown  at  Rugby.     Tom  Brown  at 

Oxford.     Alfred  the  Great.     The 

Manliness  of  Christ. 


-George  A.  Sala  (1828-  ).  Quite.  Alone. 
Seven  Sons  of  Mammon. 

-Amelia  B.  Edwards  (1831-  )  (nov- 
elist and  Egyptologist).  Barbara's 
History.  Lord  Brackenbury.  A 
Thousand  Miles  up  the  Kile,  1876. 

-James  Payn  (1880-  ).  By  Proxy.  Fallen 
Fortunes. 

-B.  L.  Farjeon  (1833-  ).  Joshua  Marvel. 
Gnf,  etc. 

-Miss  M.  E.  Braddon  (1837-  ).  Dead 
Men's  Shoes.  Lady  Audley's  Secret. 
Aurora  Floyd.  (Skilful  in  plot,  but  deal- 
ing with  repellent  phases  of  life.) 

-Thomas  Hardy  (1840-  ).  ("Fresh, 
original";  peasant  life.)  A  Pair 
of  Blue  Eyes.  Far  from  the  Mad- 
ding Crowd.     Two  on  a  Tower. 

-Walter  Besant  ( 1 838-  ) .  The  Inner  House, 
All  Sorts  and  Conditions  of  Men,  etc., 
and  with 

-James  Rice  (1843-82).  Heart's  Delight. 
Seamy  Side,  etc. 

-William  Black  (1841-  ).  Princess 
of  Thule.  Yolande.  Madcap  Vio- 
let.  Strange  Adventures  of  a 
Phaeton.    White  Wings.     Sunrise. 


—George  III.,  1760. 
—George  IV.,  1820. 
—William  IV.,  1830. 
—Victoria,  1837. 


Millais    (b.    1S29),   English 
painter. 


1871.     France    a   Republic; 
Thiers  president. 


1873.      End     of     Ashantee 
War  in  Africa. 


Laura  Bridgman,  1829-89, 
precocious  blind  deaf- 
mute. 


Rubinstein  (b.  1830),  pianist 
and  composer. 


Garfield,  1831-81. 


Henry     Irving     (b.     1838), 
English  actor. 


Gambetta,   1838-82,   French 
statesman. 


1874.    Electric  light. 


Alplwnse  Daudet  (b.  1840), 
French  novelist. 


1876.     Bell  telephone. 


1876.     Centennial  at    Phila- 
delphia. 


1877  -  78.         Ilusso-Turkish 
War. 


1878.  At  Berlin,  Congress 
of  the  European  powers 
to  establish  the  results  of 
the  war. 


1878.     Leo  XIII.  Pope. 


62 


Recent   Poetry. 


<..•...■£.■  I\  ..  1820. 
— William  IV.,  1880. 
—Victoria,  1887. 


1877-88.     Phonograph. 

1879.  Population  of  Great 
Britain  and  Inland,  34,- 
800,000 

I'opnlntion  of  United  states, 
56,000,000, 

1879.     Zulu  War. 


1879.       Humbert,    k. i n •_:    of 
Italy. 


WhUtier,  b.  1807. 
Longfellow,  1807-82. 

Arthur        Ihurii       llnllam, 

1M1  -:;.".,  Tenn]  aon'afriend. 

1880.    Irish  Land  League. 

/•:.  A.  /'<»,  1811-49,  Ameri- 
can poet. 

Cardinal  Manning,  b.  I8(i8. 


1881.     Alexander    II.   assas- 
sinated. 


Olr    null.   1810-82,   Norwe- 
gian violinist. 

1 1    t,  181  I  -s:.,  pianist   and 
oompoaer. 


Verdi,  b.  1M4,  Italian  c 

"  Brnani,"    "  ll 
Trovatore,"  "  Traviata." 


Wagm  r,    1813  B8,  Gorman 

oompoaer       and  critic. 

"  Lohengrin,"  "  Tann- 
hauser." 


Ooun.xt   [a.  1818),   French 
oompoaer.    "  Faust." 

mdan   War;    Got 
don  murdei  ed. 

./    /:.  /..„•,//    I,    1819),  Anier- 

poet. 


— Louisadela   Ram6  ("Ouida")  (1840-    ). 
Wanda.     Under  Two  Flags,  etc. 

—  II.  KmIct  Haggard  (1856-     ).     She.     King 

Solomon's    Mines.      Allan    Quatermain. 
( lleopatra,  etc. 

— Mrs.    Hum | ili icy    Ward    (  -     ). 

Robert  Elsmere. 

— Robert  Louis  Stevenson  (1850-  ). 
Dr.  Jekylland  Mr.  Hyde  Treas- 
ure Island.  Island  Voyage.  Mas- 
ter of  BaUantrae,  etc. 

.s.  Poets  (Nineteenth  century)  : 

—  Lord   Macaulaj    (1800-59).     "Lays 

ill'  Ancient  Home."  "Battle  of 
Ivry."  "  The  Armada,"  etc.  (As 
historian,  p.  48.) 
—Caroline  Norton  (1808-77).  "Bal- 
lads lor  Children."  "The  Dream." 
"  The  Child  of  the  Islands."  ("In- 
tense, forceful." )  —  Novels. 

— M.    F.    Tupper    (1810-90).     "Proverbial 
Philosophy." 

—Elizabeth  B.  Browning  (1809-61) 
(The  best  English  Poetess).  ."Casa 
Guidi  Windows."  "Prometheus 
Bound,"  1835.  *"  Aurora  Leigh," 
1856.  "Romaunt  of  the  Page." 
(Married  Robert  Browning  1846.) 

—Alfred  Tennyson  (1809-  ).  "In 
Menioriaiii."  1850.  "  Idyls  of  the 
King,"  1859, 1869-72.  '-Princess." 
"Maud."  "Enoch  Arden."  "Locks- 
ley  Hall."  -The  Brook."  "Charge 
of  the  Light  Brigade."  Two 
dramas  unsuccessful  on  the  stage: 
Queen  Mary,  1875;   Harold,  1877. 

—Robert  Browning  (1812-90).  (Met- 
aphysical, obscure,  powerfully  dra- 
matic.) "Paracelsus."  "  Blot  on 
the  Scutcheon."  "Men  and  Wo- 
men." "Ring  and  the  Book." 
"  Pifine  at  the  Fair."  "Sordello." 
"Pippa  Passes."  —  "Herve  Kiel." 
'■  Pied  Piper  of  Hamelin."  "An- 
drea del  Sarto." 


Recent   Poetry. 


63 


—William  E.  Aytoun  (1813-6-3).  "Scot- 
tish Cavaliers/"'  etc. 

— Philip  James  Bailey  (1816-  ). 
"  Festus."     "  The  Mystic." 

—Arthur  Hugh  Clough  (1819-61). 
Poems,  1840-50.  (Of  a  high  or- 
der, of  genuine  humor,  enthusi- 
astic for  nature  and  man.) 

—Matthew  Arnold  (1822-88).  "Tris- 
tram and  Iseult."  "  Strayed  Rev- 
eller."   "Thyrsis."     (Also  p.  57.) 

—Dante  G.  Rossetti  (1828-82).  In 
his  only  volume,  1871,  "  Sister 
Helen."  "  Rose  Mary,"  etc.  The 
Early  Italian  Poets,  1873. 

— Jean  Ingelow  (1830-  ).  "Songs 
of  Seven."    "  Divided." 

— E.  R.  Bulwer-Lytton  ("Owen  Mere- 
dith") (1831-  ).  "Lucile."  "The 
Wanderer,"  etc. 

—Edwin  Arnold  (1832-  ).  "Light 
of  Asia."  "  Pearls  of  the  Faith." 
"  Indian  Song  of  Songs,"  etc. 

—William  Morris  (1834-  ) .  "  Earth- 
ly Paradise  "  (twenty-four  tales  in 
verse).  "Jason."  "Sigurd  the 
Volsung,"  1877.     Lectures  on  Art. 

—A.  C.  Swinburne  (1837-  ).  Suc- 
cessfully revived  the  drama  in 
"Tristram"  and  " :  Both  well." 
"  Chastelard."  "  Atalanta  in  Caly- 
don,"  1864.  "Poems  and  Ballads," 
1866. 


■     ) .     "  Angel  in 
) .     "  Craigcrook 


-Coventry  Patmore  (1823- 

the  Honse." 
-Gerald    Massey    (1828- 

Castle." 
-Andrew    Lang    (1844-     ).      "Ballads    in 

Blue  China."     Letters  to  Dead  Authors. 
-A.  W.  O'Shaughnessy  (1844-81).     "Lays 

of  France."     "  Songs  of  a  Worker,"  etc. 


— Oeorjre  IV.,  1820. 
—William  IV.,  1830. 
— Victoria,  1837. 


1888.  William  I.  and  Fred- 
erick William  III.  die  at 
Berlin. 


Sardou    (b.   1831),    French 
dramatist. 


Alma    Tadema    (b.    1836), 
Belgian  painter. 


Iiosa    Bonheur    (b.    1832), 
French  painter  of  animals. 


Gustave      Bore,      1832-83, 
French  artist. 


Nilsson   (b.  1833),  Swedish 
soprano. 


irm.  S.  Gilbert  (b.  1836), 
English  opera  librettist, 
with  Arthur  Sullivan  (b. 
1844),  composer.  "Mika- 
do," "  Pinafore,"  "  Pa- 
tience," etc.,  etc. 


Albert   Edward,  Prince  of 
Wales  (b.  1841). 


1888.    Curnot,  President  of 
France. 


1889.   Centennial  Exposition 
at  Paris. 


A  SYNOPSIS  OF  AMERICAN  LITERATURE. 


I.    GENERAL   OUTLINE. 


TAGE 

I.   The  Colonial  Period,  1650  1750 .67 

a.  Writers  on  Religion  and  Theology  (the  Mathers, 

Edwards) 68 

b.  Poets  (Mrs.  Bradstreet,  Bay  Psalm  Book)  ....  69 

c.  Writers  on  History,  Science,  etc.  (Colden)     ...  69 

II.   The  Revolutionary  Period,  17501800 70 

a.  Writers    on   Politics   and   Government    (Franklin, 

Hamilton,  Paine) 71 

b.  Miscellaneous  Prose  Writers  (Witherspoon,  Dwight),  72 

c.  Poets  (Barlow,  Trumbull,  Freneau) 73 

III.   The  National  Period,  1800  to  the  Present    ....  74 

1.  First  Half  of  the  Century: 

a.  Theology  (Alexander,  Channing,  Wayland)    ...  75 

b.  Politics,  Economics,  and  Law  (Webster,  Everett)     .  76 

c.  History  and  Biography  (Irving,  Wirt,  Sparks)    .     .  78 

d.  Fiction  (Brown,  Cooper) 79 

e.  Science  and  Language  (Audubon,  Marsh)  ....  81 

/.   Poetry  (Bryant,  Willis,  Poe) 82 

g.  Criticism,    Philosophy,    Belles-Lettres     (Emerson, 

Fuller,  Griswold) 84 

2.  The  Last  Forty   Years: 

a.  Science    and    Natural    History    (Agassiz,    Draper, 

Thoreau) 87 

b.  Politics    and   Political   Economy    (Carey,    Walker, 

George) 89 

c.  Theology  and  Philosophy  (Hopkins,  Clarke,  Beecher ; 

Porter,  Fiske) 89 

65 


66  American   Literature:   General   Outline. 

PAGE 

it.   History,    Biography,    Travel    (Prescott,   Bancroft, 

Bayard  Taylor) 92 

e.  Humor  (Browne,  Clemens) '.),") 

f.  Poetry  (Longfellow,  "Whittier,  Lowell,  Kead,  liarte, 

Miller) 96 

_'/.   Criticism,    Helles-Lettres,   and   General    Literature 

(Holmes,  Whipple) 100 

//.  Fiction  (Hawthorne,  Stowe,  Howells,  James,  etc.)  .  103 


Colonial  Times. 


67 


II.    EXPANDED    OUTLINE. 


Note.  —  Poetical  works  will  be  indicated  by  the  use  of  "  quotation-marks." 


The  Literature. 
I  Colonial  Period,  1650-1750. 

General  characteristics.  —  It  was  hardly 
to  be  expected  that  the  early  years 
of  our  country's  history  could  have 
brought  forth  much  that  was  worthy 
the  name  of  literature.  The  ener- 
gies of  a  frontier  people  are  directed 
to  sterner  and  more  needful  tasks 
than  the  cultivation  of  letters.  Yet 
it  is  a  mistake  to  suppose  that  the 
American  colonies  had  no  growth  in 
this  direction  worth  the  mention. 
The  peculiarly  serious  character  of 
the  Puritans  led  to  copious  theo- 
logical and  religious  writings.  Prom- 
inent among  their  fellow -divines 
stand  the  Mathers,  and  another  whose 
name  even  then  commanded  respect 
and  admiration  from  all  the  English- 
speaking  world — Jonathan  Edwards. 
Por  poetry  and  laborious  scientific  re- 
search the  environment  was  hardly 
favorable,  as  perhaps  the  quality  of 
the  work  in  these  directions  proves. 

— George  Sandys,  who  wrote  (in  Vir- 
ginia, 1621)  a  translation  of  Ovid's 
Metamorphoses,  and  Captain  John 
Smith  (1579-1631),  who  published 
the  True  Relation  of  Virginia, 
were  Englishmen,  and  their  works 


belong- 


rather  to  English  than  to 


American  Literature. 

a.   Writers  on  Religion  and  Theology : 

— John  Cotton  (1585-1G52  ;  a  famous  Boston 
minister).  The  Bloody  Tenent  Washed 
(an  answer  to  Roger  Williams's  attack). 
Milk  for  Babes,  Meat  for  Strong  Men. 


Contemporary  History. 


1492.     Columbus  (1436-1506) 
discovers  the  New  World. 


1520.  Magellan,  and,  1578, 
Drake,  circumnavigate  the 
globe. 


1558-1603.  Elizabeth, 

queen  of  England. 


1584-7.    Raleigh  attempts  to 
plant  colonies  in  Virginia. 


1603-25.    James  I.,  king  of 
England. 


1605.     French     settle    Port 
Royal,  N.S. 


1607.     The    English    settle 
Jamestown,  Va. 


Pocahontas,  1595?-1617. 


1608.      Quebec     settled    by 
Champ  lain. 


1613.      The     Dutch      settle 
New  York. 


1620.     First   English   settle- 
ment in  New  England. 


jn».      Shakespeare,     1564- 
1616. 


1623.    New  Hampshire  set- 
tled. 


1625-49.     Charles   I.,   king 
of  England. 


1632.     Maryland   granted   to 
Lord  Baltimore. 


1633-36.  Connecticut  settled. 


Early  Theological   Writings. 


[aland  settled 
under  Soger  Williams. 


Delaware  settled  by 
the  Swedes. 


Earrard    University 
founded. 


BO.       The      Common- 
wealth   CromweU). 


New  Netberland  con- 
clude.I  by  the  English, 
and  called  New  York. 


1670.     South    Carolina    set- 
tled. 


John  Milton,  1608-74. 


Pennsylvania  settled. 


<  harlM  II.,  1660  9 
Jtmet     II.,    1685-88,     of 
England. 


Thr  "  Bloodless  Et<  . 
olution." 


William  and  Mary,  1688- 
1702,  England. 


Loola    \iv..    ol    Kr.i 

1716,  "  le  Rrand  mon- 
.ir<  j 


Snlcm  witchcraft. 


—Thomas  Hooker  (1586-1047;  "Minister 
Booker").  The  Poor  Doubting  Chris- 
tian Drawn  to  Christ,  Church  Discipline, 
etc. 

—Thomas  Shepard  (1605-49;  a  worthy  com- 
panion to  Cotton  and  Hooker).  The 
Parable  of  the  Ten  Virgins  Opened,  The 
Clear  Sunshine  of  the  Gospel  break- 
ing forth  upon  the  Indians  of  New  Eng- 
land, etc. 

— Samuel  stout  (d.  1663).  Associated  with 
Hooker  as  a  pastor.  Writings  theo- 
logical. 

—Roger  Williams  (1606-83;  the  found- 
er of  Rhode  Island).  The  Bloody 
Tenent  of  Religious  Persecution, 
etc.  (A  strong  and  liberal  thinker.) 

—John  Eliol  (1604-90 ;  the  Apostle  to 
the  Indians.  The  best  known  of 
the  three  preachers  who  prepared, 
1639,  the  Old  Bay  Psalm  Book). 
Translated  the  Scriptures  into  the 
Indian  tongue.  Numerous  writ- 
ings and  translations. 

— Richard  Mather  (1596-1669;  came  to  Mas- 
sachusetts, 1635  :  pastor  at  Dorchester. 
Father  of  Increase  .Mather).  Controver- 
sial treatises  and  sermons. 

— Increase  Mather  (1639-1723;  preach- 
ed in  the  Old  North  Church,  Bos- 
ton. Father  of  Cotton  Mather). 
On  Remarkable  Providences,  His- 
tory of  the  Wars  with  the  Indi- 
ans, etc. 

—Cotton  Mather  (1663-1728).  Works 
almost  innumerable,  and  of  great 
influence  then.  The  best  known. 
Magnalia  Christi  Americana.  On 
Witchcraft,  Christian  Philosopher, 
Wonders  of  the  Invisible  "World. 
(Pedantic,  learned;  style  "fan- 
tastic") 

— Jonathan  Dickinson  (1688-1744; 
ranked  as  a  logician  and  theolo- 
gian next  to  Edwards).  Familiar 
Letters  upon  Important  Subjects 
in  Religion. 


Earliest  American  Verse -Writing. 


till 


-Jonathan  Edwards  (1703-58  ;  one  of 
the  greatest  of  the  world's  meta- 
physicians). Doctrine  of  Original 
Sin,  *On  the  Freedom  of  the  Will. 
(He  argued  for  man's  free  agency.) 
Many  other  theological  works. 

— Aaron  Burr  (1710-57  ;  president  of  the  Col- 
lege of  New  Jersey;  father  of  the  states- 
man Burr  ;  an  able  man) .  Sermons  and 
treatises. 


"New  England's 


Ik   Poets  : 

—William  Wood  (d.  1639). 
Prospect,"  1(334. 

— The  "translators,"  who  prepared,  1039, 
the  famous  Bay  Psalm  Book.  The  fol- 
lowing stanza  is  from  Psalm  137  : 

"  The  rivers  on  of  Babilon, 
There  when  wee  did  sit  downe, 
Yea,  even  then,  wee  mourned  when 
Wee  remembered  Sion." 

—Mrs.  Anne  Bradstreet  (1612-72). 
Published,  1640,  a  popular  volume 
of  poems,  the  best  of  the  time, 
entitled,  "  The  Tenth  Muse  lately 
sprung  up  in  America,  or  several 
Poems,  compiled  with  great  va- 
riety of  Wit  and  Learning,  full  of 
Delight ;  wherein,"  etc.,  etc. 

—Michael  Wigglesworth  (1631-1705).  (Po- 
ems once  very  popular,  as  theology.) 
"Day  of  Doom."  "Meat  out  of  the 
Eater." 

—Roger  Wolcott  (1679-1707  ;  of  Connecticut). 
"  Poetical  Meditations  "  (rude,  but  "  pos- 
sessing some  force  "  ) . 

— John  Seccomb  (1708-92).  A  witty  poem, 
"Father  Abbey's  Will." 

—Mather  Byles  (1700-88  ;  "  a  witty  divine," 
of  whom  several  good  stories  are  told). 
Sermons.     Poems. 

e.   Writers   on  History,  Exploration,  Sci- 
ence: 

—Nathaniel  Ward  (1570-1653).  The  Simple 
Cobler  of  Agawam  (a  pointed  satire  on 
the  times). 

—Gov.  John  Winthrop  (1588-1649).  Jour- 
nal of  the  Public  Occurrences  in  the  Mas- 
sachusetts Colony. 


Jnli  a  Dryden,  1631-1700. 


Joseph  Addison,  1072-1719. 


Richard  Steele,  1072-1729. 


1701-13.      Frederick    I.     of 
Prussia. 


Queen  Anne,  1702-14. 
George  I.,  1714-27. 


Louis     XV.,     1713-74,    of 
France. 


Capt.  Win.  Kidd,  1050-1  701, 
American  pirate. 


1732.     Washington  born. 


Alexander  Pope,  1688-1744. 


Peter      Faneuil,      1700-43, 
Boston  merchant. 


1733.    Georgia  settled. 


George  II.,  1727-G0. 


'II 


mial  Period:   Prose, 


174.'..      Loulaburg    captured 
by    the    English    ("  King 
rge'a  War  "). 


Jonathan  Swift,  1667-1745. 


1740.     Frederick   II.  the 
it,  of  Prussia. 


1755-60.    "The  French  and 

Indian  War  "  in  America. 


William  Pitt,  Karl  of  Chat- 
ham,  1708-78,  "  the 
«  ommoner." 


17  /•     Qui  bee  sui  i  endered ; 
death  of  tien.  Wolfe. 


/  ..</"". 


D,       Indian 


Robert    Morris,    17W  I 
American  Buancier. 


—Gov.  William  Bradford  (1588-1637).  His- 
tory of  Plymouth  Colony.  "OnBoston." 
••  New  England." 

—Thomas  Morton  (1690-1646).  The  New 
English  Canaan  ("able,  humorous"). 

— Nathaniel  Morton  (1612-85).  New  Kng- 
land's  Memorial  (valuable  annals). 

— Capt.  Benjamin  Church  (  1639-1718).  His- 
tory of  King  Philip's  War. 

—Robert  Beverly  (d.  1716).  History  of  the 
Presenl  Stair  of  Virginia.  1705. 

— John  Williams  (1664-1729).  The  Redeemed 
Captive  (a  graphic  narrative  of  personal 
adventures  among  the  Indians). 

—Col.  William  Byrd  (1074-1744;  a 
wealthy  Virginian).  The  West- 
over  Manuscripts  (journals,  "pleas- 
ing mid  quaint "). 

—James  Logan  (1674-1751;  of  Penn- 
sylvania). Scientific  essays  in 
Latin  (Defense  of  Aristotle.  Du- 
ties of  Man).  Translation  of  Cic- 
ero's De  Senectute. 

— Cadwallader  Colden  (1688-1776;  a 
botanist).  Numerous  scientific  pa- 
pers. A  History  of  the  Five  In- 
dian Nations. 

I.  The  Revolutionary  Period,  1750-1800. 

General  Characteristics.  —  In  this  stir- 
ring period,  while  theology  and  re- 
ligion receive  no  small  share  of  at- 
tention, and  the  poetry,  though  still 
of  inferior  quality,  is  an  improvement 
upon  that  of  Mrs.  Bradstreet  and  the 
Bay  Psalm  Book,  the  most  important 
and  remarkable  literature  is  natur- 
ally that  which  relates  to  politics 
and  government.  Alexander  Hamil- 
ton's Federalist  papers  are  good  Eng- 
lish and  good  epistatics.  Thomas 
Paine,  perhaps,  owes  his  fame  less 
to  his  strong  political  pamphlets 
than  to  his  inferior  deistieal  work. 
The  A.ge  of  Reason.  But  greatest 
of  all    his   literary   contemporaries, 


Revolutionary  Period. 


71 


and  great  in  the  eyes  of  posterity, 
stands  Benjamin  Franklin,  "  printer, 
philosopher,  patriot,  philanthropist," 
whose  Autobiography  and  Poor  Rich- 
ard are  not  of  the  stuff  that  dies. 

a.   Writers  on  Politics  and  Government : 

— Benjamin  Franklin   (1706-90;  sage, 

statesman,  scientist).  Poor  Rich- 
ard's Almanac.  Essays  on  politi- 
cal and  economic  subjects.  Papers 
on  electricity.  *  Autobiography. 
Poems:  "Paper,"  "Plain  Country 
Joan,"  etc.  ("  Style  concise,  wit- 
ty, vigorous."  —  Adams.) 

— Tames  Otis  (1725-83;  the  Patrick 
Henry  of  New  England).  Vindi- 
cation of  the  Eights  of  the  Colo- 
nies, etc. 

— Patrick  Henry  (1736-99  ;  America's 
most  eloquent  orator).  Famous 
speech  in  the  Virginia  House  of 
Burgesses  on  the  prospect  of  war. 

—John  Dickinson  (1732-1808).  Petition  to 
the  Kino-.  The  Farmer's  Letters  (polit- 
ical). 

—  Thomas  Paine  (1737-1809).  Politi- 
cal pamphlets.  The  Present  Cri- 
sis. Common  Sense.  The  Rights 
of  Man.  An  infidel  work,  The 
Age  of  Reason  ("  of  little  strength 
or  scholarship." — Adams). 

— (ieorge  Washington  (1732-99).  His  works, 
12  vols.,  include  official  papers,  diaries, 
and  essays  (on  agriculture,  for  example). 

—John  Adams  (1735-1820).  Defense  of  the 
Constitution.  Novanglus.  *Letters  to 
his  Wife. 

—Thomas  Jefferson  (1743-1826). 
Rights  of  British  America.  Notes 
on  Virginia.  Manual  of  Parlia- 
mentary Practice.  Declaration  of 
Independence.     Letters,  etc. 

—John  Jay  (1745-1829).  Address  to  the 
People  of  Great  Britain.  Five  Federalist 
papers. 


David  Hume,  1711-TH. 


Samuel  Johnson,  1709-84. 


Oliver  Goldsmith,  1728-74. 


George     III.,     1700-1S20, 
king  of  England. 


Baron  Von  Steuben,  1730- 
94,  German  general  iu 
America. 


1761.  Resignation  of  Win. 
Pitt,  "  the  great  Com- 
moner." 


1763.    Peace  of  Paris. 


Samuel   Adams,  1722-1803, 
popular  leader. 


Edmund  Burke,  1730-97. 


John  Hancock,  1737-93. 


1765.        The      Stamp      Act 
passed,  repealed,  1760. 


1768.     British  troops  arrive 
at  Boston 


1770.     Boston  massacre. 


72 


//.  r  tlutionary  Period  :  Miscellaneous. 


Anthony    Wayne,    174 
American  general. 


Kubert  Burns,  r 


Party." 


Boston     Tea 


1774.        Louis     XVI.,      of 


1774.        First       Continental 
ngress  meets  at    Phila- 
delphia. 


177i.     Battles  of  Lexinuton 
ami    Concord;    Washing- 
ton  made    eommniidcriii 
llel  ;     battle    of    Bunker 
Hill. 


1770.     .Inly  4,  I'eclaration  of 
[ndependi 


1777.      Battle   of    Saratoga; 
Oaten  defeatH  liurgOJ 


1778,     Ki  inca  acknowh 
Amei  lean  Independei 


— rames  Madison  (1751-1836).  Twenty-nine 
Federalist  papers.  Reports  of  the  De- 
bates in  the  <  onstitutional  Convention. 

— Alexander  Hamilton  (1757-1804). 
Kii'ty-one  of  the  eighty-live  Fed- 
eralist papers.  Other  famous  po- 
litical and  state  papers.  Letters 
of  Camillus  (on  international  law). 
(His  state  papers  "ought  to  be 
familiar  to  the  statesmen  of  every 
land."  —  De  Tocquerille.) 

— James  Monroe  (1758-1831  ;  "scholarly,  dis- 
creet"). Conduct  of  the  Executive  in 
Foreign  Affairs  of  the  U.  S.  The  People 
the  Sovereigns.  Tour  of  Observation  in 
1817. 

— Gouverneur  Morris  (1752-1816).    Speeches. 

-Fisher  Ames  (1758-1808).  Speeches.  Es- 
says. 

o.   Miscellaneous  Prose  Writers  : 

—Gov.  Thomas  Hutchinson  (1711-80).  His- 
tory of  the  Colony  of  Massachusetts  Bay. 

—John  Woolman  (1720-72).  Essays 
and  Epistles.  Journal  of  his  life 
and  travels.  ("Get  the  writings 
of  John  Woolman  by  heart,  and 
love  the  early  Quakers."  —  Lamb. ) 

—Samuel  Hopkins  (1721-1803;  the 
founder  of  "Hopkinsian  Divin- 
ity'"). The  System  of  Doctrines 
Contained  in  Divine  Revelation. 

— John  Witherspoon,  D.D.,  LL.D. 
(1722-94).  On  Money.  Thoughts 
mi  American  Liberty.  Lectures.  Ec- 
clesiastical Characteristics.  (Wit- 
ty, vigorous  style.) 

—Ezra  Stiles  (1727-96  ;  president  of  Vale). 
\  History  of  Three  of  Charles  [.'s  Judges. 

Numerous  discourses. 
—Jeremy    Belknap    (1744-98).      Histoiy    of 

New  Hampshire.      Dissertations  on  Jesus 
Christ.     Biographies. 
—Dr.   Benjamin   Hush  (1745-1813).     Papers 
"ii    medicine   and   general  science.     Ks- 


\  s  (■■  of  greal  value  "). 
— Lindley     .Murray     (1746-1826). 
i  irammar.     Autobiography. 


English 


Revolutionary  Period :  Poetry. 


73 


—David  Ramsay  (1749-1815).  His- 
tories of  the  U.  S.  and  of  South 
Carolina.  Medical  treatises.  ("The 
most  distinguished  of  early  Amer- 
ican historians."  —  Shaw.) 

— Benjamin  Thompson,  Count  Rum- 
ford  (1753-1814).  Essays,  Po- 
litical, Economical,  Philosophical, 
1798.     (Practical,  valuable.) 

—Timothy  Dwight  (1752-1817  ;  presi- 
dent of  Yale).  Theology  (5  vols.). 
Sermons.  Travels.  "  The  Tri- 
umph of  Infidelity."  "  I  love  thy 
Kingdom,  Lord."  "  Greenfield 
Hill"  (an  idyl  "of  rare  merit"). 

— Hugh  Henry  Brackenridge  (1748- 
1816).  Modern  Chivalry,  or  the 
Adventures  of  Captain  Farrago 
("a  witty  and  able  work"). 
"Bunker's  Hill." 

—Henry  Lee  (1756-1818).  Memoirs  of  the 
Revolutionary  War.  (This  is  "Light- 
horse  Harry"  Lee.) 

— Susanna  Rowson  (1761-1824).  Several  nov- 
els.    Best  known,  Charlotte  Temple. 

C.   Poets  : 

—Thomas  Cxodfrey  (1736-63).  "The  Prince 
of  Parthia,"  the  first  drama  written  in 
America.     ("Of  considerable  merit.") 

— Phillis  Wheatley  (1754-84  ;  the  once  famous 
negro  phenomenon).     Poems. 

— Francis  Hopkinson  (1737-91).  Humorous 
pieces  ("The  Battle  of  the  Kegs"). 
Essays.     A  Pretty  Story. 

—John  Trumbull  (1750-1831 ;  of  Con- 
necticut). "McFingal,  a  Modern 
Epic  Poem"  (a  popular  satire, 
imitating  Hudibras).  "Progress 
of  Dulness."  ("The  most  con- 
spicuous literary  character  of  his 
day."  —  Shaw.) 

— Philip  Ereneau  (1752-1832;  the  ablest 
political  humorist  of  the  time). 
Some  excellent  poems  ("  The 
Dying  Indian."  "May  to  April." 
"Battle  of  Stoniugton"). 


1780.    Andri  executed. 


1781.       Cornwallis    surren- 
ders to  Washington. 


1783.        Treaty      of 
signed  at  Paris. 


peace 


Eli    Whitney,  1765-1825,  in- 
ventor  of  the  cotton-gin. 


1787.  United  States  Consti- 
tution adopted  in  conven- 
tion, and,  1788,  ratified  by 
nine  states. 


1789.      Washington  inaugu- 
rated. 


1789.     The   French    Revolu- 
tion. 


1797.    John  Adams  inaugu- 
rated. 


1799.     Washington    dies    at 
Mt.  Vernon. 


Napoleon  first  consul, 


71 


First   Huh  of  Nineteenth  Century:  Theology. 


1800.    Capital  established  at 
Washington. 


1801.  Jefferson  Inaugurated. 


1801.    Czai     Mt  eander    of 

Russia. 


Purchase  of  Louisiana 
territory. 


1804.      Hamilton   killed   by 
Burr. 


/■.mi       Revere,      17::".  lsi-s 
ii ead  Longfellow's  poem). 


Gilbert    Stuart,    1756  1828, 

\  met  ii  an  DO i  trail  painter. 


ImiT.        Fulton 

urn  en.U  tin-  II udson. 


— Essays  by  Eobert  Slender. 

—Joel  Barlow  (1756-1812).  An  at- 
tempted epic,  "The  Colmnbiad." 
*"  Hasty  Pudding."    "To  Peace." 

— Royall  Tyler  (1756-182C  ;  chief  justice,  wit, 
poet).  "The  Coiftrast"  (a  tcood  com- 
edy).    "  The  Algerine  Captive."    Songs. 

III.    The    National    Period,    1800  to  the 
Present. 

General  Characteristics. — After  the 
Revolution  an  established  govern- 
ment ami  peace  promptly  began  to 
bear  frnit  not  only  in  material  pros- 
perity, but  in  a  richer,  worthier 
literature,  that  might  represent  in 
America  more  and  more  fully  the 
widening  domain  of  human  thought 
and  fancy.  Our  literature  has  suf- 
fered ami  perhaps  still  suffers  to  a 
somewhat  less  degree,  from  a  certain 
lack  of  depth,  of  seriousness,  of 
patience  in  research,  and  in  literan 
finish;  the  animation  of  American 
business  life  affected  (or  infected) 
American  letters.  Experience  has 
taught  that  there  is  no  royal  road, 
no  "rapid  transit,"  to  the  acquisi- 
tion of  literary  excellence. 

As  it  is,  America  cannot  but  be  proud 
of  her  Irving,  her  Bryant,  her  Emer- 
8on, Longfeliow  and  Hawthorne,  names 
which  all  the  world  holds  in  affec- 
tionate veneration.  Nor  can  five  or 
twenty-live  exhaust  the  roll  of  Ameri- 
can authors  whose  names  posterity 
will  hold  illustrious. 

I.  First  Half  of  the  Century. 

a.    Theology  : 

—Henry  Ware  (1764-1845;  a  leading  Unita- 
rian). Letters  tn  Trinitarians  and  Cal- 
vinists. 

—Bishop  J.  II.  Kobart  (1775-1830;  once  an 
influential  writer),  state  of  Departed 
Spirits.     Companion  for  the  Altar,  etc. 


First  Half  of  Nineteenth  Century :   TheoJo;///. 


75 


— Lyman  Beecher  (1775-1863 ;  Congrega- 
tional theologian;  "bold,  energetic"). 
Views  in  Theology.  Skepticism.  Tem- 
perance Sermons. 

—Samuel  Miller  (1709-1850,  Presbyterian  the- 
i  ilogian) .  Presbyterianism  the  True  Apos- 
tolic Constitution  of  the  Church.  Letters 
on  Unitarianism.     Life  of  Edwards,  etc. 

— Bishop  G.  W.  Doane,  of  New  Jersey  (1799- 
1859).  Sermons.  "  Songs  by  the  Way," 
("  Softly  now  the  light  of  day  "). 

— Hosea  Ballon  (1771-1852 ;  founder 
of  Universalism  in  the  United 
States).  Besides  other  theologi- 
cal works,  Doctrine  of  Future 
Retribution,  1834. 

— Archibald  Alexander  (1772-1851). 
Evidences  of  Christianity.  Bible 
Dictionary.  Moral  Science.  The 
Canon  of  Scripture. 

—William  Ellen/  Charming  (1780-1842; 
great  Unitarian  leader,  ranked 
everywhere  as  an  able  thinker). 
Sermons.  Essays  (on  Milton, 
Fenelon,  Napoleon,  etc.).  Self- 
Culture,  1838.  *  Evidences  of 
Christianity. 

— Alexander  Campbell  (1788-1865 ; 
founder  of  the  "Christian,"  or 
"Disciples,"  Church).  Nearly  60 
volumes,  besides  many  debates 
and  speeches. 

—Albert  Barnes  (1798-1870).  Notes  on  the 
Gospels.  Scriptural  Views  of  Slavery. 
Sermons. 

—Thomas  C.  Upham  (1799-1872).  Elements 
of  Mental  Philosophy.  Treatise  on  the 
Will.  Principles  of  the  Hidden  Life. 
Life  of  Madam  Guyon. 

—Francis  Way  land  (1796-1865).  Moral  Sci- 
ence. Human  Responsibility.  Intellec- 
tual Philosophy.     Political  Economy. 

—William  H.  Eurness  (1802-  ;  Uni- 
tarian theologian).  Unconscious 
Truth  of  the  Four  Gospels.  On 
the  Life  and  Character  of  Jesus, 
1859.      History    of    Jesus,    1850. 


1809.       James 
president. 


Madison, 


John  Randolph  of  Roanoke, 
1773-1833. 


1812.  War  declared  against 
England  by  the  United 
States. 


Thomas     Chalmers,     1780- 
1847,  English  theologian. 


Richard  Whately,  1787- 
1863,  English  philosopher 
and  theologian. 


1812.     Burning  of  Moscow. 


1813.       Perry's 
Lake  Erie. 


victory    on 


James  Lawrence,  17S1-1S13, 
American  naval  hero. 


76 


First   Waif  of  Nineteenth  Century:   Politics. 


1814.      Loula 
Prance. 


Will,     of 


1814.    Washington  captured 
bj  Ibe  British 


Aaron      Burr,     17  >6  1886, 
earaan  and  lawj  er. 


1814,   Dec. 
peace. 


24.      Treaty    of 


1815,  Jan.  8.     Battle  of  New 
<>rlean«;     Gen.     Jackson 

ata  the  l;<  itif-ii. 


Battle  of  Waterloo . 


Simon  Bolivar,  l"i 
liberator  ol  the 
\ui.  mlea. 


/  •././  Aihburton,  \~~\  1848, 
English  diplomatist. 


Jesus  and  His  Biographers,  1838. 
Power  of  Spirit.  A  fine  transla- 
tion of  Schiller's  '-Song'  of  the 
Bell." 

—Addison  Alexander  (1809-60).  Com- 
mentaries on  tne  Scripture.  Ser- 
mons. Magazine  articles  and  Po- 
ems.     (  A  strong  writer.) 

—Theodore  Parker  (1810-60;  an  ad- 
vanced rationalist).  The  Tran- 
sient and  the  Permanent  in  Chris- 
t  ianity.  1841.  Sermons,  Addresses, 
etc.     (12  vols.) 

Politics,  Economics,  and  Law  : 

— James  Kent  (1763-1847;  the  Chan- 
cellor of  New  York).  Commenta- 
ries on  American  Law.  L826-30; 
an  accepted  standard  work. 

— John  Quincy  Adams  (1707-1848; 
"the  old  man  eloquent").  Lec- 
tures on  Rhetoric.  Letters  on  the 
Bible.     Poems. 

—Henry  Clay  ( 1 777-1852).  Published 
speeches. 

— Joseph  Story  (1779-1845;  a  pro- 
lific and  scholarly  writer  on  law). 
*Onthe  Constitution  of  the  United 
States,  1833.  Equity  Jurispru- 
dence, L835.  Conflict  of  Laws. 
L834. 

—Thomas  II.  Benton  (1782-1858). 
Thirty  Years3  View,  L854.  Abridg- 
ment of  Congressional  Debates. 
Speeches. 

—John  C.  Calhoun  (1782-1850).  Trea- 
tise on  the  Nature  of  Govern- 
ments.    Speeches. ' 

—Daniel  Webster  (1782-1852;  a  mas- 
ter of  English  style.  '•  Clear,  logi- 
cal, brilliant").  Orations,  speeches, 
and  state  papers;  best  known: 
Eulogy  on  Adams  and  Jefferson, 
L826.  '  Bunker  Hill  Orations.  The 
Murder  of  Captain  -Joseph  White, 


First  Half  of  Nineteenth  Century:  Politics. 


77 


1830.  Reply  to  Hayne,  1829. 
("Battle  of  the  Giants.") 

—Henry  Wheaton  (1785-1848).  Prog- 
ress of  the  Law  of  Nations.  *Ele- 
ments  of  International  Law,  1836, 
etc. 

— John  Bouvier  (1787-1851).  Law 
Dictionary,  1839.  Institutes  of 
American  Law,  1851.  (Both  valu- 
able works.) 

— Kobert  Y.  Hayne  (1791-1840 ;  of  South  Caro- 
lina). Webster's  opponent  in  the  Battle 
of  the  Giants,  1829.     Speeches. 

—Alexander  H.  Everett  (1790-1847). 
Europe,  a  General  Survey.  Amer- 
ica, a  General  Survey.  Finished 
and  elaborate  essays. 

—Edward  Everett  (1794-1865)  Fine 
orations  and  speeches.  Mt.  Ver- 
non Papers.  Defense  of  Chris- 
tianity. Many  articles  for  the 
North  American  Review.  ^ 

—Hugh  S.  Legare  (1797-1843 ;  an  able 
and  accomplished  man).  Consti- 
tutional History  of  Greece.  Essay 
on  Classical  Learning.  A  Roman 
Literature.  Speeches,  correspond- 
ence, etc. 

— Rufus  Choate  (1799-1859).  Lec- 
tures. Addresses.  ("Brilliant, 
persuasive.") 

— Amasa  Walker  (1799-1875).  The 
Science  of  Wealth,  1867  (a  stand- 
ard economic  work) . 

— Francis  Lieber  (1800-72;  a  scholar 
of  wide  influence).  On  Civil  Lib- 
erty. Political  Ethics,  1839.  Essays 
on  Labor  and  Property.  Legal  and 
Political  Hermeneutics.  *Frag- 
ments  on  Penology.  Civil  Liberty 
and  Self-Government,  1853. 

—William  B.  Lawrence  (1800-81;  a 
high  authority  in  his  field).  Whea- 
ton's  Commentary  on  International 
Law,  1855.    Letters  on  the  Treaty 


1817.     James  Monroe  inau- 
gurated. 


1820 


Henry 
souri    Com 


passed. 


Clay's  "  Mis- 
ipromise  "    Bill 


1820.     George  IV.,  king  of 
England. 


1820.    Cession  of  Florida  to 
United  States. 


1821.     Mexico   independent 
of  Spain. 


First   Half  of  Nineteenth  Century:  History. 


1824.        LafayetU 
America. 


revisits 


Joseph       Smith, 

founder    of    the 
church. 


1805   14. 
Mormon 


/.</     Motte-Fouque,     1777- 
1843,     German     novelist. 

"  rudinc." 


Lord  Macaulay,  1800-59. 


182      John  Quincy  Adams, 

president. 


1826.     .Tuly    4.    deatfaa 

Ad.inis  ;ind  .Trffci  gon. 


of 


of  Washington.     Many  works  on 
jurisprudence. 

C.    History  and  Biography : 

— [saiah  Thomas  (1749-1831  ;  founder  of  the 

American  Antiquarian  Society).    History 
of  Printing. 

— Hannah  Adams  ( 1 755-1831 ;  the  first 
woman  in  America  who  made  lit- 
erature a  profession).  History  of 
New  England.  View  of  Religious 
( » pinions.  History  of  the  Jews. 
Evidences  of  Christianity. 

—John  Marshall  (1755-1835;  Chief 
Justice).  Life  of  Washington, 
1824. 

—  William  Wirt  (1772-1834).  Letters 
of  a  British  Spy,  1803.  (Influen- 
tial, and  of  much  literary  merit.) 
Life  of  Patrick  Henry,  1817  (not 
of  great  value). 

j-Josiah  Quincy  (1772-1864;  President  of  Har- 
vard). History  of  Harvard  University. 
History  of  Boston.     Speeches,  etc. 

—Timothy  Flint  (1780-1840).  Ten  Years  in 
the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi.  Memoir  of 
Boone.     Novels. 

— C.  J.  Ingersoll  (1 782-1 802).  History  of  the 
War  of  1812-15  (1815-52).  IncMquin's 
Letters.     Speeches. 

—WASHINGTON  IRVING  (1783-1859 ; 
historian,  biographer,  essayist,  trav- 
eller, humorist.  "The  American 
Goldsmith."  style  pure,  fresh, 
'■lcgai  it,  humorous,  delightful. 
Pseudonyms  :  "  Jonathan  Old- 
style,"  "  Diedrich  Knickerbock- 
er," "Geoffrey  Crayon").  Sal- 
magundi Papers.  Knickerbocker 
New  York,  180!).  *Sketch-Book. 
Bracebridge  Hall,  1822.  Tales  of 
a  Traveller,  1824.  Conquest  of 
Granada,  1829.  Life  of  Columbus, 
1828.  Voyages  of  the  Companions 
of  Columbus.  The  Alhambra,  1832. 
Mahomet,  1850.     Goldsmith,  1849, 


Fir'it  Half  of  Nineteenth  Century :  Fiction. 


79 


*Life  of  Washington,  1855.  Wolf- 
ert's  Roost,  1855. 

— Jared  Sparks  (1794-1866).  Ameri- 
can Biography,  25  volumes.  Lives 
and  writings  of  Franklin,  Wash- 
ington, etc. 

—John  G.  Palfrey  (1796-1881).  *His- 
tory  of  New  England  (to  1765), 
1858  (accurate,  scholarly).  Lec- 
tures. Ed.  North  American  Re- 
view, 1835-43. 

—Col.  William  L.  Stone  (1793-1844).     Lives 

of  Sir  William  Johnson,  Joseph  Brandt, 

Red  Jacket,  etc. 
—William  Tudor  (1799-1830).    Founded  the 

North  American  Review,    1813.      Gebel 

Teir.    Life  of  Otis. 

d.   Fiction : 

/ — Charles  Brockden  Brown  (1771-1810 ; 
our  first  novelist  of  worth.  "  Vivid, 
inventive,  often  morbid").  Wie- 
land,  1798.  Ormond,  1799.  Arthur 
Mervyn.  Edgar  Huntley,  1801,  etc. 
—James  K.  Paulding  (1778-1860 ;  "  a 
happy  style").  Salmagundi  Pa- 
pers. John  Bull  and  Brother 
Jonathan,  1813.  John  Bull  in 
America.  Book  of  St.  Nicholas. 
Three  Wise  Men  of  Gotham.  The 
Dutchman's  Fireside.  Letters  from 
the  South,  1835.  Westward,  Ho  ! 
1832.  "  Lay  of  the  Scottish  Fid- 
dle." (Style  "humorous  and  at- 
tractive.") 

—Eliza  Leslie  (1789-1857).  Amelia.  Alther 
Vernon.  Mrs.  Washington  Potts.  The 
Behavior  Book. 

—Catherine  M.  Sedgwick  (1789-1867). 
Hope  Leslie.  Redwood.  The  Poor 
Rich  Man  and  the  Rich  Poor  Man. 
Letters,  stories,  as,  Live  and  Let 
Live.  (Popular,  and  of  some  ex- 
cellence.) 

— James  Fenimore  Cooper  (1789-1851 ; 
"  The  American  Scott."     Style  de- 


Winfield    Scott,    1786-1866, 
American  general. 


::<i 


Walter  Scott,  1771-1832. 


80 


First   Half  of  Nineteenth  Centura:  Fiction. 


Indrt  w  ./(fkson  In- 
augurated. 


1830.     William    IV.,    king 
of  England. 


1831.     Dom    Pedro    II.  of 

Brazil. 


L832.  "Nullification"  at- 
tempted by  South  Caro- 
lina. 


1835-7.    The  Seminole  War. 


1836.    Texan  a  republic. 


Victoria,   queen   of 
England. 


fective,  vocabulary  limited,  power 
of  description  great).  Sea-tales: 
The  Two  Admirals.  Water  Witch. 
Pilot.  *Red  Rover,  1827.  Wing 
ami  Wing.  The  Sea-Lions,  etc. 
Indian  tales:  Spy.  Pathfinder. 
Pioneers.  Prairie,  1827.  Deer- 
slayer.  *Last  of  the  Mohi- 
cans, 1826.  Satanstoe.  Wept  of 
Wish -ton- Wish,  etc.  An  excel- 
lent History  of  the  American 
Navy. 

—John  P.  Kennedy  (1795-1870;  "ge- 
nial, lively,  and  agreeable").  Swal- 
low Barn.  Horseshoe  Robinson, 
1835.  Rob  of  the  Bowl.  Life  of 
Wirt,  1849. 

—Daniel  P.  Thompson  (1795-1868). 
The  Green  Mountain  Boys.  Locke 
Amsden.     The  Rangers. 

William  Ware  (1797-1852 ;  attractive 
and  valuable  historical  novels). 
*Zenobia,  1838.  Aurelian.  Probus. 
. Lilian.  Lectures  on  Allston, 
1852. 

-Mrs.  Lydia  Maria  Child  (1802-81 ;  W 
"sympathetic,  of  noble  aims"). 
Hobomok.  Philothea,  1835.  The 
Rivals.  The  Mother's  Book.  Let- 
ters from  New  York.  Biographies, 
poems. 

—Charles  Fenno  Hoffman  (1806-84). 
A  Winter  in  the  West.  Greyslaer, 
etc.  Sketches,  poems,  songs. 
("Sparkling  and  Bright."  "The 
Myrtle  and  Steel.") 

—Sylvester  .lu.l.l  (1813-53).  *Margaret,  181">. 
Philo.    The  Church  (a  drama). 

—Mrs.  C.  L.  Hentz  (1804-50).  Popular 
"novelettes1':  The  Mob  Cap.  Rcna. 
The  Planter's  Northern  Rride,  etc. 

— Mrs.  Kmily  Jurlson  ("Fanny  Forrester") 
(1817-54).   Sketches.    Poems.   ("Watch- 
ing.") 
Mrs.  Alice  Haven  (1828-03). 


as  Fail 

Eor  Children 


1  'at  ient  Waiting  No  Loss 


No  Such  Word 
Stories 


First  Half  of  Nineteenth  Cent  urn  :  Science. 


81 


e.   Science   and   Language : 

—Noah  Webster  (1758-1843).  Spelling 
Book.  *  American  Dictionary  of 
the  English  Language,  1828.  Nu- 
merous works  on  philological  sub- 
jects. 

—Peter  S.  Duponceau  (1700-1844).     Indian 
Languages  of  North  America. 

—Alexander  Wilson   (1766-1813).     A 
scholarly    work,   American   Orni- 
thology, 1824. 
— John  James  Audubon   (1780-1851). 
Birds  of  America,  1828,  etc.    Quad- 
rupeds   of    America.      (Audubon 
takes  high  rank  as  a  naturalist.) 
—Benjamin      Silliman      (1779-1864). 
Chemistry.       Scientific      lectures. 
Books  of  travel. 
—Joseph      Worcester      (1784-1865). 
English  Dictionary,  1846-60.    Gaz- 
etteers.   Elements  of  History,  etc. 
—James    Rush,     M.D.     (1786-1869). 
Philosophy  of  the  Human  Voice. 
("  Standard,  exhaustive.") 
—John  C.  Symmes  (1788-1829).     Symmes's 
Theory  of  Concentric  Spheres  (to  prove 
the  earth  hollow,  and  open  at  the  poles). 
— Uenison  Olmsted  (1791-1859).     Letters  on 
Astronomy.       Compendium    of    Natural 
Philosophy. 
—  Edward  Hitchcock  (1793-1804).    Elemen- 
tary Geology.    Religion  of  Geology.    Fos- 
sil Footprints  in  the  United  States. 
— Goold   Brown    (1791-1857).     Grammar  of 
English  Grammars.     Institutes  of  Gram- 
mar. 
— Joseph    Henry    (1797-1878).      Reports   as 
Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution. 
Valuable  scientific  papers. 
—Charles  Davies    (1798-1870).     Text-books 

on  mathematics. 
—Alexander   D.  Bache    (1800-07).     Reports 
of  the  Coast  Survey.     Valuable  scientific 
papers. 

— Pvobley  Dunglison,  M.D.  (1798- 
1869).  Medical  Dictionary,  1833. 
Human  Physiology.  Numerous 
medical  treatises. 


1837.     Martin    Van   Jiuren 
inaugurated. 


1841.  Wm.  Henry  Harri- 
son, inaugurated  March  4, 
dies  April  4.  John  Tyler, 
president. 


1845.    James  K.  Polk  inau- 
gurated. 


184o.      Texas    admitted 
the  Union. 


to 


S.  F.  B.  Morse,  1791-1872, 
American  inventor  of  the 
telegraph. 


Charles  Goodyear,  1800-60, 
inventor  of  vulcanized 
rubber. 


Hugh  Miller,  1802-56. 


82 


First   Half  of  Nineteenth  Century:  Science. 


1846.        gr<  Bi     <  I  it  lares 

war  against  Mexico. 


Elial  Rome,  1810-67,  Amer- 
ican Inventor. 


S.  T.  Coleridge,  1772-1834. 


1S17.  Capture  of  Chapulte- 
pec  by  Gen.  Scott;  Mexico 
surrenders. 


Santa      Anna,     1798-1876, 
Mexican  general. 


/:.  B  Sheridan,  1761-1816. 


— A.  J.  Downing  (1815-52).  Valua- 
ble works  on  Landscape  Garden- 
ing. Fruit  and  Fruit  Trees  of 
America,  1852.  Architecture  of 
Country  Houses. 

— Elisha  Kent  Kane,  M.l).  (1820-57). 
Arctic  Explorations,  1856. 

—George  P.  Marsh  (1801-82).  Lec- 
tures on  the  English  Language. 
Early  English  Literature.  Men 
and  Nature.  The  Earth  as  Modi- 
fied by  Human  Action.  Icelandic 
Grammar,  etc.  (A  scholarly  phi- 
lologist of  wide  culture.) 

f.   Poetry: 

—Joseph  Hopkinson  (1770-1842).  "Hail 
Columbia." 

— Thomas  G.  Fesseuden  ("  Christopher  Caus- 
tic") (1771-1837).  Humorous  Poems. 
"Terrible  Fractoration."  "Country 
Lovers.' ' 

—Robert  Treat Faine  (1773-1811).  "Adams 
and  Liberty." 

—Francis  Scott  Key  (1779-1843).  "The 
Star-Spangled  Banner." 

—Washington  Allston  (1779-1843;  well- 
known  painter).  "Sylphs  of  the  Sea- 
sons." Lectures.  The  Romance  of  Mo- 
naldi. 

—Clement  C.  Moore  (1779-1863).  "Visit 
from  St.  Nicholas." 

—Samuel  Woodworth  (1785-1842).  Best 
known  poem,  "The  Old  Oaken  Bucket." 

—John  Pierpont  (1785-1866).  "Airs  of 
Palestine."     "  Passing  Away."     Odes. 

—Richard  H.  Dana  (1787-1879).  "The 
Buccaneer,"  1827.  Lectures  on 
Shakespeare,  1839-40.  The  Idle 
Man  :  a  periodical.  Novels:  Tom 
Thornton.     Saul  Fenton. 

—Richard  Henry  Wilde  (1789-1847). 
Conjectures  and  Researches  con- 
cerning Tasso.  Sonnets  and 
Poems.  "  My  Life  is  Like  the 
Summer  Rose." 

—James  A.  Hillhouse  (1789-1841; 
dramatist).      "Hadad,"  a  sacred 


First  Half  of  Nineteenth  Century:  Poetry. 


83 


drama.  "The  Judgment."  "Per- 
cy's Masque."  "Demetria."  (Style 
"  strained,  heavy "  ;  works  little 
read  now. ) 

—Charles  Sprague(l  791-1875).  "Shake- 
speare Ode."  "The  Family  Meet- 
ing." "I  See  Thee  Still."  "Curi- 
osity." 

—John  Howard  Payne  (1792-1852; 
made  famous  by  his  "Home,  Sweet 
Home  "  —  a  masterpiece  in  lyrical 
writing).  Other  poems.  Plays: 
Virginius.  Brutus. 
^—Pitz-Greene  Halleck  (1795-1867;  the 
leading  poet  of  this  "  New  York 
group  ") .  "  Marco  Bozzaris."  "  Con- 
necticut."    Other  poems. 

—Joseph  Rodman  Drake  (1795-1820 ; 
friend  to  Halleck).     "  The  Ameri- 
can Flag."     "  The  Mocking  Bird." 
"The  Culprit  Pay"  ("a  poem  of 
V     exquisite  fancy  "). 

— James  Gates  Percival  (1795-1856). 
"  The  Serenade."  "  Coral  Grove." 
"  Seneca  Lake."  "  New  England." 
Miscellany. 

— Mrs.  Maria  Brooks  (1795-1845  ;  called  by 
Southey,  Maria  del  Occidente).  "  Zoph- 
iel."     Poems  ("of  fleeting  popularity "). 

—Hannah  F.  Gould  (1789-1865).  "The 
Snow  Flake."  "  Hymn  of  the  Reapers." 
"The  Frost." 

—WILLIAM  CULLEN  BRYANT  (1794- 

1878  ;  "  the  American  Words- 
worth," "The  Poet  of  Nature"  and 
"  the  Woods  " ) .  "  The  Embargo," 
1808.  "Thanatopsis,"1817.  "The 
Ages."  "Forest  Hymn."  "The 
Flood  of  Years."  "The  Snow 
Shower."  "Robert  of  Lincoln." 
"Among  the  Trees."  "To  a  Water- 
fowl." "Death  of  the  Flowers." 
Translations  of  the  "Iliad"  and  the 
"Odyssey."  From  1826  to  1876 
editor  of  the  N.  Y.  Evening  Post. 
A  correspondent  and  traveller. 


Percy       Hi/sshe 
1792-1822." 


Shelley, 


Lord  Byron,  1788-1824. 


1848.      Gold    discovered    iD 
California. 


William  Wordsworth,  1770- 
1850. 


1848.     Francis  Joseph  of 

Austria. 


i4 


First   Half  of  Nineteenth  Century:  Poetry. 


1840.     '■■  "     Taylor  innugu- 
rated.     Mc  died  1850. 


Millard 
President. 


Fill  i 


— George  P.  Morris  (1802-64;  a  poet  of 
true  and  fine  sentiment).  "Wood- 
man, Spare  that  Tree."  "  Whip- 
poorwill."    ••  My  Mother's  Bible." 

"  Long  Time  Ago."  An  opera, 
"  Maid  of  Saxony." 

—Nathaniel  Parker  Willis  (1806-67. 
••  He  deliberately  chose  to  win 
merely  a  transient  popularity." 
—  Adams).  Scriptural  poems 
("Absalom,"  "Jephthah's  Daugh- 
ter," etc.).  "Lady  Jane."  "Me- 
lanie."  Pencillings  by  the  Way. 
Hurrygraphs.    People  I  Have  Met. 

—Edgar  Allen  Poe  (1811-49.  Pro- 
nounced by  Tennyson  and  many 
English  critics  our  best  Ameri- 
can poet.  His  poetry  is  musical 
and  finished,  but  lacks  feeling  and 
strength).  "The  Eaven."  "The 
Bells."  "Annabel  Lee."  "Lenore," 
etc.  Criticism.  Tales  (Murders 
in  the  Rue  Morgue,  The  Black 
Cat,  The  Gold  Bug,  etc.). 

—Christopher  P.  Cranch  (1813-  ). 
••  Ariel  and  Caliban."  A  good 
translation  of  "  iEneid."  Satan : 
a  libretto.  Stories  for  Children. 
The  Last  of  the  Huggermuggers. 
Koboltozo. 

—Albert G.  Greene  (1802-  ).  "Old  Grimes." 
"  Canonchet." 

—Samuel  F.  Smith  (1808-  ).  Fine  lyrics 
and  hymns.  "  My  Country,  'tis  of 
Thee." 

— Park  Benjamin  (1809-64;  journalist  and 
poel ).     •■  The  old  Sexton." 

—Mary  S.  B.  Sliindlcr  i  Mrs.  Dana)  (1810-  ). 
"TheSouthern  Harp."  "TheNorthern 
Harp."     "  Passing  under  the  Rod." 

— rones  Very  (1813-80;  a  "poet  mystic"). 
Essays  and  Poems. 

g.    Criticism,  Philosophy,  Belles-Lettres : 
—  Nicholas  Biddle   (1786-1844;    President  of 
United    states    Bank).     Addresses.     A 
Commercial  Digest.    (Style  brilliant,  pol- 
ished }. 


First  Half  of  Nineteenth  Century:  Belles-Lettres.         85 


—Thomas  H.  Gallaudet  (1787-1851;  educator 
of  deaf-mutes).  The  Child's  Book  of  the 
Soul.     Natural  Theology,  etc. 

—Henry  R.  Schoolcraft  (1793-1864).  Tales 
of  a  Wigwam.  Writings  concerning  the 
Indians. 

—Horace  Mann  (1796-1859  ;  an  influ- 
ential writer  on  education).  Lec- 
tures on  Education.  Thoughts  for 
a  Young  Man. 

—Samuel  G.  Goodrich  ("Peter  Parley") (1793- 
1863).  Peter  Parley's  Books  (miscella- 
neous).    School  Books. 

—Mrs.  C.  H.  Gilman  (1704-  ).  Recollec- 
tions of  a  Southern  Matron.  Recollec- 
tions of  a  New  England  Housekeeper. 

— Gulian  C.  Verplanck  (1786-1870; 
"style  clear  and  beautiful"). 
Speeches,  lectures.  Essays  on 
Revealed  Religion.  Discourses  on 
American  History,  Literature,  and 
Art.  Valuable  edition  of  Shake- 
speare, 1846. 

— Mrs.  Lydia  H.  Sigourney  (1791-1865 ; 
a  voluminous  writer).  Letters  to 
Young  Ladies.  Letters  to  Moth- 
ers. Post  Meridian,  etc.  Poems 
(her  best  work),  "Early  Blue 
Bird."     "  Talk  with  the  Sea,"  etc. 

—Alexander  S.  Mackenzie  (1803-48).  A  Year 
in  Spain.    Spain  Revisited.    American  in 
England.     Essays  on  Naval  Subjects. 
—Amos  Bronson  Alcott  (1700-1888  ;    philos- 
opher).    Conversations.     Essays.     Tab- 
lets.   Concord  Days.    "  Sonnets  and  Can- 
zonets." 
—RALPH  WALDO  EMERSON  (1803- 
82;  "The  Sage  of  Concord."  Phi- 
losopher,    guide,     poet,    essayist. 
Prose  epigrammatic,  terse,  superior 
to  his  poetry,  but  often  lacking  in 
connection).  Essays,  1841-44.  Rep- 
resentative Men.     English  Traits. 
Conduct  of  Life.    Society  and  Soli- 
tude.    Letters   and   Social  Aims. 
Lectures,  Orations,  Poems  ("Tact." 
"The  Humble  Bee"). 


Charles  Lamb,  1775-1834. 


John      Wilson,      1785-1854, 
Scottish  litterateur. 


Thomas  Be  Quincey,  1785- 
1859. 


Thomas  Carlyle,  1795-1881. 


Horatio    Greenough,   1805- 
52,  American  sculptor. 


First   Waif  of  Nineteenth  Century:   Belles-Lettres. 


1850.     California  admitted. 


—Margaret  Fuller  (Marchioness  d' Os- 
soli)  (1810-50;  a  woman  of  rare 
gifts).     (Summer   on  the  Lakes, 
1843.)     Woman  in  the  Nineteenth 
Century,    184."..       At    Home    and 
Abroad.    American  Literature  and 
the  Drama.     Papers  on  Literature 
and  Art. 
—Mrs.    C.    M.    Kiikland    (1801-04. 
"Books  uniformly  excellent,  style 
picturesque       and      graceful."  — 
Adams).     A  New  Home.     Who'll 
Follow?  Western  Clearings.  Fire- 
side Talks. 
—  Henry    Reed    (1808-54;     an    able 
critic).     Lectures  on  English  Lit- 
erature.   Lectures  on  English  His- 
tory.     Lectures    on    the    British 
Poets. 
—Delia  Bacon  (1811-59).     1857,  Phi- 
losophy of   the  Plays  of   Shake- 
speare  Unfolded   (an  attempt   to 
prove   Bacon   the   author   of    the 
plays). 
—Henry    Barnard    (1811-       ;     influ- 
ential writer  on  educational  sub- 
jects).   School  Architecture.    Na- 
tional Education  in  Europe.     On 
Teaching.     Pestalozzi,  etc. 
— Rufus   W.    Griswold    (1815-57;    of 
good  influence,  but  of  "not  much 
original  1  alent  ").     *Female  Poets 
of  America,  1848.    Poets  and  Prose 
Writers    of   America,  1842.     The 
Republican  Court.     Numerous  bi- 
ographies ami  poems. 
—Horace  B.  Wallace  (1817-52).     Art 
and  Scenery  in  Europe.     Literary 
Criticisms.     Legal  works. 
—Anna  C.  L.  Botta  (1820-    ).    hand- 
book    of     Universal     Literature. 
Leaves  from  the  Diary  of  a   Re- 
cluse. 


Last  Forty   Years :  Science. 


87 


ti.   Literature  of  the  Last  Forty  Years 

(1850-1890). 

a.   Science   and   Natural   History : 

Science,  text-books,  etc. : 

— Louis  Agassiz  (1807-73;  a  noted 
scientist).  Geological  Sketches. 
Lectures  (zoological,  etc.).  Study 
of  Glaciers,  1837.  Structure  of 
Animal  Life.  A  Journey  in  Brazil. 
Methods  in  Natural  History. 

—Arnold  Guyot  (1807-84).  Earth 
and  Man.     Creation.     Maps. 

—Asa  Gray  (1810-88).  Botany.  How 
Plants  Grow,  etc.  Darwiniana. 
Scientific  Papers,  2  vols.  (High 
authority.) 

—Charles  Anthon  (1797-1867).  Classical 
Dictionary.     Text-books. 

— Joseph  Thomas  (1811-  ;  lexicographer). 
Gazetteers.  Medical,  Biographical,  and 
Mythological  Dictionaries. 

—James  Hadley  (1821-72).  Lectures  on 
Roman  Law.     A  Greek  Grammar. 

—Horatio  Hale  (1817-  ).  Ethnology  and 
Philology.     ("A  work  of  great  value.") 

—Max  S.  DeVere  (1820-  ).  Studies  in  Eng- 
lish. Americanisms.  Wonders  of  the 
Deep.    Studies  in  Comparative  Philology. 

—William  D.  Whitney  (1827-  ; 
ranks  among  the  foremost  lin- 
guists ;  "accurate,  profound'1). 
Lectures  on  Language,  lan- 
guage and  the  Study  of  Language. 

—John  W.  Draper  (1811-82;  a  clear 
thinker) .  Intellectual  Develop- 
ment of  Europe.  Chemistry. 
Natural  Philosophy.  Human  Phy- 
siology. Conflict  between  Science 
and  Religion.  History  of  the  Civil 
War,  etc. 

— Henry  Schliemann  (1822-     ;  archaeologist). 

Troy.     Mycenae.     Ilios,  etc. 
— Dio  Lewis    (1823-    ).     New   Gymnastics. 

Our  Digestion.     Our  Girls. 

— Alexander  Winchell  (1824-  ;  a  pop- 
ular style).    Sketches  of  Creation, 


1852.       Napoleon 
France. 


111.     of 


1853.    Franklin   Pierce  in- 
augurated. 


George  Peabody,  1795-1869, 
American  philanthropist. 


Charles  Darwin,  1809-82. 


Max  Midler  (b.  1823),  Eng- 
lish philologist. 


Joseph   Leidy    (born  1823), 
American  naturalist. 


John  Tyndall  (b.  1820). 


38 


Last    Forty    Years:  Natural  History. 


Thomas  Jinx/,,/  (b.  1825  . 


1854.     Kanaas-XeLii'aska  Bill 
passed. 


).  Excellent 
Text-book  of 
astronomer) . 

).     Physical 


.s-.  /'.  Ckate,  1808-78,  stutes- 
iii. >n  .hi. I  Jurist. 


is,0.  Pre-Adamites.  Doctrine  of 
Evolution.  World  Life. 
— W.  A.  Hammond,  M.D.  (1828-  ). 
Military  Hygiene.  Sleep  and  its 
Derangements.  Essays  and  arti- 
cles. 

— I.    Dorman    Steele    (1836- 

text-books  on  the  sciences. 
—Austin  Flint,  Jr.  (1836-    ). 

Human  Physiology,  etc. 
— Simon   Newcomb    (1830-     ; 

Mathematical  text-books. 
— F.    L.  Oswald,   M.D.    (1845- 

Education.     Summerland  Sketches.    Zo- 

ological  Sketches. 
— R.  B.  Anderson  (18-40-      ;  Norse  scholar). 

Norse  Mythology.     The  Eddas.     Viking 

Tales,  etc. 
— S.   P.    Langley    (1834-     ).     The    New  As- 
tronomy. 

Natural  History: 

—Henry  D.  Thoreau  (1817-62;  a  close 
observer).  A  Week  on  the  Con- 
cord, 1849.  Excursions.  Walden. 
The  Maine  Woods,  1864.  Cape 
Cod.  Autumnal  Tints.  Spring 
in  Massachusetts.  Wild  Flowers. 
Field  and  Forest.  Summer  and 
Winter. 

-Spencer  F.  Baird  (1823-     ).     Works  on  the 
birds  and  mammals  of  North  America. 

— Klliott  Coues  (1842-  ;  recently  a 
theosophist).  Key  to  American 
Birds.  Field  Ornithology.  Fur- 
Bearing  Animals.  New  England 
Bird  Life,  etc. 

— John  Burroughs  (1837-  ;  a  keen 
naturalist,  possessing  a  delight- 
ful style).  Wake  Robin.  Win- 
ter Sunshine.  Locusts  and  Wild 
Honey.  Pepacton.  Birds  and 
Poets. 

— Maurice  Thompson  (1843-  ;  a  very 
entertaining  writer).  (Novels:  A 
Tallahassee  Girl.  His  Second 
Campaign.)  By-Ways  and  Bird 
Notes.  '  Sketches.    'The    Witch- 


Last  Forty   Years :  Politics. 


89 


ery  of  Archery.     "  Songs  of  Fair 
Weather." 

— Ernest  Ingersoll  (1852-  ).  Friends 
Worth  Knowing.  Insects,  etc. 
Knocking  around  the  Rockies. 

b.  Politics   and  Political  Economy : 

—Henry  C.  Carey  (1793-1879).  On 
Political  Economy.  Social  Sci- 
ence. Credit  System.  Wages. 
Currency,  etc. 

—William  Lloyd"  Garrison  (1805-79). 
A  very  influential  anti-slavery 
writer.    " 

—Wendell  Phillips  (1811-84;  noted 
advocate  of  abolition  and  woman's 
rights).     Speeches  and  lectures. 

—David  A.  Wells  (1827-  ;  promi- 
nent tariff  reformer).  Economic 
Changes,  etc. 

—Charles  Nordhoff  (1830-  ;  able, 
versatile).  Politics  for  Young 
Americans.  God  and  the  Future 
Life.  Cape  Cod  and  All  along 
Shore.  California.  Communistic 
Societies  of  the  United  States. 

— Henry  George  (1839-  ;  an  eloquent 
and  popular  writer).  *Progress 
and  Poverty.  Social  Problems. 
The  Land  Question. 

—Francis  A.  Walker  (1840-  ).  Wages. 
Mon^y.  Money  in  its  Relations 
to  Trade  and  Industry.  Political 
Economy. 

—Richard  T.  Ely  (1854-  ).  French 
and  German  Socialism.  The  Past 
and  Present  of  Political  Economy. 

c.  Theology  and  Philosophy  : 

Theological  and  Religious  Writers : 

— Orville  Dewey  (1794-1882 ;  "a  strong 
and  scholarly"  Unitarian).  Uni- 
tarian Belief.  Human  Life.  Old 
World  and  the  New. 


1854.     Commodore  Perry's 
treaty  with  Japan. 


1855.      Alexander     II.     of 
Russia. 


1857.       James     Buchanan, 
president. 


Henry  M.  Stanley  (b.  1840), 
American  explorer. 


no 


Last    Forty   Year*:   Theology. 


1890.     South    Carolina    m 

lei  from  tlif  Union. 


Louii    Kottuth    (b.  1802  , 
Hungarian  patriot.  Leader 

in  1M8-9. 


1861.     "  Btar  of  the  West" 
tired  upon. 


John  Medosky,  i*K>-?  lirst 
American  cardinal. 


1861.     Kansas  admitted  as  a 
state. 


Robert     E.     Lee,     180G-7U. 
commandeMn-chlef  of  the 

<  'onfederate  Army. 


Oeorat  II.  Thomas,  1816-70, 
Kederal  general. 


1801.    Feb.  4,  the  Southern 
'  onfederacy    formed     :ii 
gotnery,  A  labaraa. 


—Charles  Hodge  (1797-1878;  a  clear, 
earnest  thinker;.  Systematic  The- 
ology. Commentaries  on  the  Epis- 
tles. 

—Robert  Dale  Owen  (lsoi-77;  noted  spir- 
itualist). Footfalls  on  the  Boundary  of 
Another  World.     Wrongs  of  Slavery. 

—  Horace  Bushnell  (1802-76).     Chris- 

tian Theology,  1851.  God  in 
Christ.  Nature  and  the  Super- 
natural. The  Vicarious  Sacrifice. 
Christian  Nurture,  etc. 
-Tayler  Lewis  (1802-77;  a  great 
Greek  scholar).  The  Platonic 
Theology.  Science  and  the  Bible. 
Religion  and  the  State.  The  Six 
Days  of  Creation. 

—  Mark  Hopkins  (1802-87).    The  Law 

of  Love  and  Love  as  a  Law.  Evi- 
dences of  Christianity.  Lectures 
on  .Moral  Science. 

—John  Hall  (1806-  ).  Chief  End  of  Man. 
Sermons. 

— ( ).  A.  Brownson  (1803-70  ;  editor  of  Brown- 
son's  Review;  a  Catholic;  "  bold,  able  "). 
Leaves  from  My  Experiences.  A  novel, 
Charles  Elwood. 

— lames  Freeman  Clarke  (1810-88; 
Unitarian  of  prominence).  Ten 
Great  Religions.  Prayer.  Common 
Sense  in  Religion.  Orthodoxy. 
Self -Culture.  Steps  in  Belief. 
Events  and  Epochs  in  Religious 
History. 

—  Henry  James  (1811-82).     Nature  of    Evil. 

Morals  and  Christianity.  Substance  and 
Shadow.     The  Secret  of  Swedenborg. 

—  Henry    Ward    Beecher    (1813-87). 

Life  of  Christ.     Lectures,  etc. 

—Theodore  N.  Cuyler  (1822-    ).    Sermons: 
Wayside  Springs,  stray  Arrows.  Empty 

( 'rib.  etc. 
— J.    II.    Allen   (1820-      ;    Unitarian   theolo- 
gian).     Discourses  on  Orthodoxy.     He- 
brew  Men   and   Times.     Christian   His- 
tory. 


Laxt   Fort//   Years :   Theology. 


91 


— E.  II.  Chapin  (1814-81  ;  Universalist 
preacher).  The  Crown  of  Thorns.  Hu- 
manity in  the  City.  Christianity  the  Per- 
fection of  True  Manliness. 

—Charles  P.  Krauth  (1823-83;  Lutheran 
theologian).  The  Evangelical  Mass  and 
the  Romish  Mass.  Sketch  of  the  Thirty 
Years'  War.  *The  Conservative  Refor- 
mation. 

— Robert  Collyer  (1823-  ;  prominent  Uni- 
tarian). Nature  and  Life.  The  Life  that 
Now  Is.     A  Man  in  Earnest. 

—Howard  Crosby  (1826-  ;  Presbyterian). 
The  Christian  Preacher.  Life  of  Jesus. 
Healthy  Christian.  Notes  on  the  New 
Testament. 

—George  P.  Fisher  (1827-  ;  Congregational 
theologian).  Beginnings  of  Christianity. 
*History  of  the  Reformation.  Faith  and 
Rationalism,  etc. 

— T.  T.  Munger  (1830-  ;  noted  Congrega- 
tionalist).  Lectures  and  Sermons :  On 
the  Threshold.  Lamps  and  Paths.  Free- 
dom of  Faith. 

— T.  DeWitt  Talmage  (1832-  ).  Crumbs 
Swept  Up,  etc. 

—Phillips  Brooks  (1835- 
Jesus.  Lectures  on 
mons. 

—J.  H.  Vincent  (1832- 
Chautauqua    Circle), 
books,  etc. 

— Washington  Gladden  (1836-  ;  Congrega- 
tionalist).  Essays  on  the  Lord's  Prayer. 
Things  New  and  Old. 

—Theodore  Tilton  (1835-  ;  editor  ;  poet). 
The  True  Church.     ' '  The  Fly. ' ' 

—Lyman  Abbott  (1835-  ).  Jesus  of  Naza- 
reth. Old  Testament  Shadows  of  New 
Testament  Truth.  Illustrated  Commen- 
tary on  the  New  Testament.  A  Lay- 
man's Story. 

— Minot  J.  Savage  (1841-  ;  a  radical  Uni- 
tarian). Beliefs  about  Man.  Belief  in 
God.  Life  Questions.  Talks  about  Jesus, 
etc. 

—Reginald  H.  Newton  (1840-  ;  Broad 
Church  ;  a  clear,  daring  writer) .  Woman- 
hood. Morals  of  Trade.  Right  and 
Wrong  Uses  of  the  Bible.  The  Book  of 
the  Beginnings. 
—A.  V.  G.  Allen  (1841-  ).  Continuity  of 
Christian  Thought.     Life  of  Edwards. 


)• 


Influence   of 
Ser- 


Preaching 


president  of  the 
Sermons.      Text- 


1861.       Abraham 
inaugurated. 


Lincoln 


1861.       Victor 
king  of  Italy. 


Emmanuel, 


1861.      Fort 
upon. 


Sumter    tired 


1861.     Battle  of  Bull  Run. 


92 


Last   Forty    Years:   Philosophy. 


John  Stuart  Mill,  lv 


Edwin    .U.    Stanton, 

.  Lincoln'*  secretary  of 
war. 


Herbert  Spencer  (b.  182 


lv'.j.     Battle  of  Sblloh. 


Philosophers : 

—Laurens  P.  Eickok  (1798-1888).  Moral  Sci 
ence.  Logic  of  Reason.  Empirical  Psy- 
chol 

— Joseph  Alden  (1807-  ).  Intellectual  Phil- 
osophy. Science  of  trovernment.  Chris- 
tian Ethics.     Example  of  Washington. 

—Asa  Mahan  (1799-  ).  Intellectual  Philoso- 
phy. Moral  Philosophy.  Doctrine  of  the 
Will. 

—Daniel  I).  Whedon  (1808-85).  *On  the  "Will. 
Commentary  on  the  New  Testament. 

—Albert  T.  Bledsoe  (1808-  ).  Philosophy 
of  Mathematics.     Liberty  and  Slavery. 

—Francis  Bowen  (1811-  ).  Lectures  on 
.Mental  Philosophy.  Logic.  American 
Political  Economy. 

—Noah  Porter  (1811-  ).  The  Human  Intel- 
lect, etc. 

— James  McCosh  (1811-  ;  a  profound 
thinker).  Laws  of  Discursive 
Thought.  Logic.  Christianity  and 
Positivism.  Mill's  Philosophy. 
The  Scottish  Philosophy.  Method 
of  the  Divine  Government. 

— JohnBascoin  (1832-  ;  "a  keen  and 
influential  thinker  ").  Psychology. 
^Esthetics.  Political  Economy. 
Philosophy  and  Religion.  Natural 
Theology.  Science  of  Mind.  The 
Words  of  Christ. 

— Joseph  Cook  (1838-  ).  Boston 
Monday  Lectures.  Orthodoxy.  Bi- 
ology. Transcendentalism.  Hered- 
ity.    Socialism.     Labor,  etc. 

— John  Fiske  (1842-  ;  his  books  are 
strong  and  attractive).  Outlines 
of  Cosmic  Philosophy.  Myths  and 
Mythmakers.  Darwinism.  The 
[Jnseen  World.  Excursions  of  an 
Evolutionist.  The  Idea  of  God. 
The  Destiny  of  Man.  Beginnings 
in  New  England. 

</.   History,   Biography,   Travel: 

—George  Ticknor  (1791-1871).  A 
Standard  History  of  Spanish  Lit- 
erature.    Life  of  Prescott. 


Last  Forty  Years:   History. 


93 


— George  Catlin  (1796-1872).  Notes  of 
Travel.  *On  the  North  American  In- 
dians. 

—William    Hickling   Prescott    (1796- 

1850 ;  one  of  our  best  historians. 
"  Style  clear,  picturesque,  fascinat- 
ing"). Ferdinand  and  Isabella. 
*Conquest  of  Mexico,  1843.  Con- 
quest of  Peru,  1847.  Robertson's 
Charles  V.  Philip  II. 
— George  Bancroft  (1800-  ;  the  leader 
in  his  field  of  labor).  History  of 
the  United  States  (Vol.  I.,  1854; 
Vol.  XII.,  1882). 

— G.  H.  Calvert  (1803-  ;  historian  and  poet) . 
Goethe's  Life  and  Works.  Dante  and  his 
Translators.  Many  translations  and 
poems. 

—John  S.  C.  Abbott  ( 1805-77 j.  Kings 
and  Queens.  *Life  of  Napoleon 
(biased,  unreliable).  Napoleon 
III.     The  French  Revolution. 

—Richard  Hildreth  (1807-65).  his- 
tory of  the  United  States  (pub- 
lished 1849-52).  History  of  Banks. 
Theory  of  Politics,  etc. 

—Jefferson  Davis  (1808-89).  The  Kise  and 
Fall  of  the  Confederate  Government. 

—Alexander  H.  Stephens  (1812-83).  History 
of  the  War  between  the  States. 

— Horace  Greeley  (1811-72;  of  the 
New  York  Tribune).  The  Ameri- 
can Conflict.  Recollections  of  a 
Busy  Life.  What  I  know  about 
Farming. 

— Benson  J.  Lossing  (1813-  ).  Pic- 
torial Field-books  of  the  Revolu- 
tion, the  War  of  1812,  and  the 
Civil  War.  Life  of  Washington, 
etc. 

— John  Lothrop  Motley  (1814-77  ;  a  bril- 
liant style).  Rise  of  the  Dutch 
Republic,  1856.  History  of  the 
United  Netherlands.  Life  of  John 
of  Barneveld. 


1862.     Battle  of  Antietam. 


Thomas  J.  Jackson,  "Stone- 
wall," 1824-63,  Confeder- 
ate general. 


1863,  Jan.  1.    Emancipation 
Proclamation. 


Last   /•'<>/■///    Tears:   History. 


.  July  1  '..  Battle  of 
< ;.  itysburg,  Pa.;  Lee  de- 
feated by  Miaili'. 


.  .Inly  4.     Surrender  of 
Vickebiirg  to  (iranl. 


»<   B.  WcClellan,  1821 

'   nion  generiil. 


.1.  K.  Brodhead  (181 1-73).   A  Standard  His- 
tory of  the  state  of  New  York. 
Parke    Godwin    (I8I67-    ).      Constructive 
Democracy.      Handbook  of    Biography. 
Life  of  Bryant. 

-Mrs.  B.  F.  KIM  (1818r77).  Queens  of 
American  Society.  Court  Circles  of  the 
Republic.  Women  of  the  Revolution, 
etc. 

-Benjamin  Perley  Poore  (1820-87).  Louis 
Philippe.     Political  Register,  etc. 

-M.  M.  Ballon  (1822-  ).  Due  South,  Due 
West,  etc.  Under  the  Southern  Cross. 
History  of  Cuba.     Life  of  Hosea  Ballon. 

-James  < '.  Fletcher  (1823-  ),  and  1).  P.  Kid- 
der (1815-     ).     Brazil  and  the  Brazilians. 

-Frederick  Douglass  (1817-  ).  My  Bond- 
age an<l  My  Freedom.     Speeches. 

-Samuel  S.  Cox  (1824-89).  Eight 
Years  in  Congress.  Why  We 
Laugh.  A  Search  for  Winter  Sun- 
beams. 

-Francis  Parkman  (1823-  ;  style 
thorough,  highly  literary).  The 
Oregon  Trail.  France  and  Eng- 
land in  North  America.  The  Jesu- 
its in  North  America.  Conspiracy 
of  Pontiac 
Canada. 


The  Old  Kegime  in 


John  F.  Kirk  (1824-  ).  History  of  Charles 
the  Bold,     Historical  essays,  etc. 

John  Gilmary  Shea  (1824-  ;  a  careful 
writer).  The  Catholic  Church  in  the 
United  states.  Legendary  History  of 
Ireland. 

-Bayard  Taylor  (1825-78).  Travels: 
Land  of  the  Saracens.  Views 
\  I  :<  k  tt ,  1  Si  6.  At  Home  and  Abroad. 
Eldorado,  L850.  By-Ways  of  Eu- 
rope. Fine  poems:  translation 
of  "  Faust."  "  Prince  Deukalion." 
•  Poems  of  the  Orient."  As  a 
novelist,  p.  106. 

•  Iiistin  Winsor  (1831-  ;  librarian 
of  Harvard  University).  Narra- 
tive and  Critical  History  of  the 
Unit  oil  States  (8  vols.).  Hand- 
book of  t  he  Revolution. 


Last  Forty  Years :   Travel. 


95 


-Dr.  I.  I.  Hayes  (1832-81).  An  Arc- 
tic Boat  Journey,  1854.  The  Open 
Polar  Sea. 

-William  Swinton  (1834-  ).  Ram- 
bles among  Words.  Outlines  of 
General  History.  Campaigns  of 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac  ("clear, 
able").  ' 

-George  M.  Towle  (1840-  ) .  Henry 
V.  Glimpses  of  History.  Modern 
France.     Certain  Men  of  Mark. 

-Henry  Cabot  Lodge  (1850-  ).  Eng- 
lish Colonies  in  America.  Biog- 
raphies (Hamilton,  AVebster, 
Washington).  Essays  (on  Anglo- 
Saxon  Land  Law,  etc.). 

-Theodore  Eoosevelt  (1858-  ).  Biog- 
raphies of  Benton  and  Gouveneur 
Morris.  Naval  History  of  War 
of  1812.     Adventures  of  a  Ranch- 


man. 
— George  Kennan  ( 

of  Siberian  Travels. 

Humor  : 


).    Account 


Georgia 


—A.    B.    Longstreet    (1790-1870) 

Scenes. 
— Seba    Smith    ("Major    Jack    Downing") 

(1792-1868).     Letters,  etc. 
— B.     P.     Shillaber     ("Mrs.     Partington") 

(1814-     ).    The  Life  and  Sayings  of  Mrs. 

Partington.     "Rhymes." 

— Henry  W.  Shaw  ("Josh  Billings") 
(1818-87).  Sayings  of  Josh  Bil- 
lings. Farmers'  Allminax.  "Lec- 
tures." 

—Frederick  L.  Cozzens  (1818-69). 
Sparrowgrass  Papers  (genuinely 
humorous).  Acadia.  Prismatics 
(sketches).     " Bunker  Hill." 

—Charles  G.  Leland  (1824-  ).  "Hans 
Breitmann"  ballads.  To  Kansas 
and  Back.  Origin  of  the  Gypsies. 
The  Gypsies.  Algonquin  Legends 
of  New  England.  "The  Music 
Lesson  of  Confucius." 


1S63.       Battle     of     Chicka- 
mauga. 


1863.  French  in  Mexico; 
Maximilian,  emperor, 
1864. 


1864.  The  battles  of  the 
Wilderness  and  Spottsyl- 
vania. 


P.    T.    Barnum  (b.   1810), 
American  showman. 


m 


Last   Forty   Yean:   Humor, 


Farragut  entera 

I. lie-    I 


L864-6.     Sherman's   famous 
march. 


William  /'•  "  I  h  Sher- 
man b.  1820  ,  American 
general. 


fiarreti   Brown- 
ing, 1800-01. 


-i; ;v  II.  Derby  (1824-61).     Phranbdana. 

—Marietta  HolK-y  ("  Josiab  Allen's  Wife  ") 
(  _  ).  My  Opinions  and  Betsy  Bob- 
bit's.     My  Wayward  Pardner,  etc. 

—George  W.  Bagby  (1828-  ).  Letters  to 
Mn/.is  Addums. 

—David  Ross  Locke  (1833-88 j  influ- 
ential political  satirist).  Petro- 
leum V.  Nasby's  Letters.  The 
Taper  City.  Moral  History  of 
America's  Life  Struggle.  Swing- 
ing round  the  Circle. 

— Charles  F.  Browne  ("Artemus  Ward") 
(1834-67).  Artemus  Ward,  His 
Look.  Artemus  Ward  in  London. 
Artemus  Ward  among  the  Mor- 
mons.    Lectures. 

— Samuel  L.  Clemens  (•■  Mark  Twain") 
( 1 835-  ).  The  Innocents  Abroad. 
A  Tramp  Abroad.  Roughing  It. 
Life  on  the  Mississippi.  Tom 
Sawyer.  Huckleberry  Finn.  The 
Prince  and  the  Pauper.  The  Gilded 
Age  (with  C.  D.  Warner).  A  Con- 
necticut  Yankee  in  King  Arthur's 
Court,  1889.  Short  stories  and 
sketches. 

—Charles  II.  Webb  ("John  Paul")  (1835-    ). 

Liffith    Lank.      St.    'Twel'mo.      .Sketches 

ami  travesties. 
—John    Eabberton   (1842-    ).     other    Peo- 
ple's Children.    The  Barton  Experiment. 

Helen's  Babies. 
—Robert  J.  Burdette  (1844-    ).     Eawkeyes. 

Life  of  I'enn,  etc. 
— Edgar W.  Nye("  Bill  Nye"  )  ( L850-     ).  Bill 

Nye  ami  Boomerang.     Baled  Hay.    Forty 

Liars  and  others  hies,"  etc. 

f.  Poetry: 

—George  D.  Prentice  (1802-70;  ed. 
Louisville  Journal).  ''The  Flight 
of  Years"  (a  fine  piece  of  blank 
verse).     "To  my  Wife.*'  etc. 

—HENRY  WADSW0RTH  LONGFEL- 
LOW ( [1807-82;  teacher,  poet,  trans- 
lator.    "The  most  popular  Ameri- 


Last  Forty  Years :  Poetry. 


97 


can  poet.  His  sentiments  pure  and 
graceful").  Prose,  romances,  and 
sketches.  Outre-Mer.  Hyperion. 
Kavanagh.  "  Spanish  Student," 
"Evangeline,"  1847.  "Golden  Le- 
gend." "Song  of  Hiawatha,"  1855. 
"  Courtship  of  Miles  Standish." 
"Tales  of  a  Wayside  Inn."  "Birds 
of  Passage."  Translation  of  Dante's 
"  Divina  Commedia,"  1867.  Many 
well-known  shorter  poems. 
—John  Greenleaf  Whittier  (1808-  ; 
••the  Quaker  poet."  Our  leading 
lyric  poet.  Earnest,  energetic, 
but  "lacking  Longfellow's  wide 
and  elegant  culture ").  Ballads: 
-Maud  Midler."  "Barefoot  Boy." 
"Barbara  Erietchie,"  etc.  *"Snow 
Bound,"  1866.  "Tent  on  the- 
Beach."  "Miriam."  "Among  the 
Hills."  "Mogg  Megone."  Shorter 
poems  :  "  My  Psalm."  "  My  Soul 
and  I."  "In  School  Days."  "Last 
Walk  in  Autumn."  "The  Play- 
mates," etc. 

—Ray  Palmer,  DP).  (1808-87).  "Hymns 
and.  Sacred  Pieces."  ("  My  Faith  Looks 
up  to  Thee.") 

— Alfred  B.  Street  (1811-82).  "Frontenac." 
' '  The  Gray  Forest  Eagle."  ' '  Woods  and 
Waters."  "Forest  Pictures."  (Poetry 
of  "  excellent  quality.") 

— Epes  Sargent  (1812-80).  *"  Shells  and  Sea- 
Weeds."  "Life  on  the  Ocean  Wave." 
Several  dramas.  Edited  many  poetical 
works  and  a  Cyclopaedia  of  Poetry. 

—Philip  P.  Cooke  (1816-50) .  ' '  The  Froissart 
Ballads  "  (  "  Florence  Vane.' ' ) 

— John  Godfrey  Saxe  (1816-87;  humor- 
ous poet) .  "  The  Proud  Miss  Mac- 
Bride."  "Money King."  "Rhyme 
of  the  Rail."  "  Pyramus  and  This- 
be,"  etc.     Sonnets. 

—Mrs.  Julia  Ward  Howe  (1819-  ). 
"  Passion  Flowers."  "  Hippoly- 
tus."     "From    the    Oak    to    the 


Alfred  Tennyson  (b.   1809). 


Robert  Browning,  1812-89. 


1865,  April  9. 
surrenders. 


General  Lee 


April  14.    President  Lincoln 
assassinated. 


May    10.     Jefferson    Davis 
captured. 


John  Wilkes  Booth,  1835- 
65,  American  actor,  mur- 
derer of  Lincoln. 


Last   Forty    Tears:  Poetry. 


Edwin     Booth     (b.    1833), 
Ann  licaii  tragedian. 


\f,lttlt.ir  .trilflit,    lsii-J-SS. 


Andrew     Johnson, 

president. 


Atlantir  rahle. 


\'ihii lam  di 


Olive."     Lyrics.     "Battle   Hymn 
of  tlit;  Republic." 

■  Widt  Whitman  (1819-  ;  a  singular 
••poetical  iconoclast";  graceful, 
tender).  "  Leaves  of  Grass,"  1835. 
"Drum  Taps."  "0  Captain,  my 
<  Japtain,"  etc. 

-Jonah  Gilbert  Holland  (1819-81). 
" Litter  Sweet."  "  Kathrina." 
•'The  Mistress  of  the  Manse." 
"The  Marble  Prophecy."  As  a 
novelist,  p.  104. 

-JAMES  RUSSELL  LOWELL  (1819- 
;  he  represents  the  "highest 
reach  of  American  poetry  "  ;  poet, 
critic,  diplomat).  "The  Cathe- 
dral." "Under  the  Willows." 
"Biglow  Papers,"  1848.  "Vision 
of  Sir  Launfal,"  1848.  "Fable 
for  Critics,"  1848.  Pine  shorter 
poems  ("Present  Crisis,"  "Com- 
memoration Ode,"  etc.).  As  critic, 
p.  101. 

-T.  Buchanan  Read  (1822-72;  the 
"poet-painter").  "The  New  Pas- 
toral." Lays  and  Ballads :  "Drift- 
ing.*' "The  Wagoner  of  the  Al- 
leghanies."  "Sheridan's  Bide." 
"  The  House  by  the  Sea."  *"  The 
Closing  Scene." 

-Alice  Gary  (1820-71)  and  Phoebe 
Cary  (1824-71).  "Poems,"  1850. 
Phcebe  alone:  "Nearer  Home." 
"Poems  of  Faith,  Hope,  and  Res- 
ignation." Alice:  "Pictures  of 
Memory";  and  a  novel,  Married, 
not  Mated. 

George  II.  Boker(1824-  ;  a  successful  dra- 
matist). "Calaynos."  "  Anne  Boleyn." 
••  Franceses  di  Rimini."  ••  Poems  of  the 
War."     ■■  Book  of  the  Dead." 

-William  Allen  Butler  (1825-  ;  satirical 
poet).  "  Nothing  to  Wear."  -'Two  Mill- 
ions."    "  General  Average." 

-Richard  II.  Stoddard  (1825-  ).  "  Foot- 
prints. "     "Voices  of  Summer."'     "  Au- 


Last  Forty  Years :  Poetry. 


99 


tumn."    "  The  King's  Bell."    "The  Book 

of  the  East."    Ed.  the  Bric-a-brac  Series. 

Stories. 
-Stephen     C.    Foster     (1820-04).       Songs  : 

"Suwanee     Kiver."       "Old     Kentucky 

Home."     "  Nelly  Bly." 
— LucyLarcom  (1820-    ).  "Roadside  Poems." 

"  Wild  Roses  of  Cape  Ann."     "  An  Idyl 

of  Work."     "  Skipper  Ben."     "  Hannah 

Binding  Shoes." 
—Raul     H.     Hayne     (1831-80).      "Legends 

and  Lyrics,"  "Sonnets"  ("taking  high 

rank  "). 
— Celia    Thaxter    (1835-     ).     "  Drif tweed." 

"  Courage."     "  Watch  of  Boon  Island," 

etc. 

—John  James  Piatt  (1835-  ).  With 
Howells :  "Poems  of  Two  Friends." 
"Poems  in  Sunshine  and  Twi- 
light." «  Landmarks."  «  West- 
ern Windows."  "The  Morning 
Street."  (Styled  the  "  poetic  Voice 
of  Ohio.") 

—Sarah  M.  Piatt  (1836-  ).  "A  Wo- 
man's Poems."  "The  Fortunate 
Isles."  "That  New  World."  "Dra- 
matic Persons  and  Moods."  "  Love 
Stories."  "Black  Princess."  "Some- 
time" (some  of  her  fine  shorter 
poems). 

—William  H.  Venable  (1830-  ).  "  June  on 
the  Miami."  "The  Teacher's  Dream." 
"  Melodies  of  the  Heart." 

—Mrs.  M.  J.  Preston  (1838-  ;  graceful  po- 
etry). "  Beechenbrook."  "Cartoons." 
"  Old  Song  and  New." 

—John Hay  (1839-  ).  "Pike  County 
Ballads."  "Jim  Bludsoe."  "Little 
Breeches,"  etc.  Castilian  Days. 
Life  of  Lincoln  (with  J.  G.  Mco- 
lay),  1889. 

— Bret  Harte  (1837-  ;  poet  and  nov- 
elist). "East  and  West  Poems." 
("Heathen  Chinee,"  etc.)  The 
novel,  Gabriel  Conroy ;  the  play, 
Two  Men  of  Sandy  Bar.  Short 
stories:  Luck  of  Boaring  Camp. 
Thankful   Blossom.      Story    of   a 


Cyrus    W.  Field  (b.  1816), 
American  merchant. 


1867.      Purchase   of   Alaska 
from  Russia. 


Edwin  Arnold  (b.  1832). 


1868.  Impeachment  and 
acquital  of  President 
Johnson. 


1869.     Grant,  president. 


1870.   The  Fifteenth  Amend- 
ment  adopted. 


100 


Last   Forty    Years:  Poetry. 


1870.      Amadou, 

:-|>.im. 


kinu     of 


Corot,     1796-1875, 
painter. 


French 


[870.      French   defeated    at 
.ii  by  the  Prussians. 


Gordon     Bennett, 

7J,  journalist. 


l^Tl.      tl'i/iiiiin  made    Em- 
peror of  Germany. 


Matthew  Vtutar,  1792  I 
founder  of  Vassar  College. 


Edwin     Forrest,     1806-72, 
American  tragedian. 


l  >7i.    <in  .it  lire  hi  Chicago. 


1871.        French      republic; 
ra,  president. 


.Mine.  Mrs.  Skaggs's  Husbands. 
Condensed  Novels,  etc. 
— Cincinnatus  H.  (-'Joaquin")  Miller 
(1841-  ;  "style  sensuous."  Some 
of  his  work  very  fine).  "Songs 
of  the  Sierras."  "Ship  of  the 
Desert."  "The  Danites  in  the 
Sierras."  "Shadows  of  Shasta." 
••Walker  in  Nicaragua."  *"Sun- 
rise  in  Venice."     Novels. 

— E.  E. Rexford  (1848-  ).  "Silver Threads 
among  the  Gold."     Novels. 

—Robert  ( rranl  ( 1 852-  ).  ••  Little  Tin  Gods 
on  Wheels."  "The  Lambs."  "Yankee 
Doodle."  Novels:  An  Average  Man. 
Confessions  of  a  Frivolous  Girl. 

— James  Whitcomb  Riley  (1854-  ;  Hoosier 
dialect  poems,  and  others;  tender;  pa- 
thetic). "  Old  Swimmin'  Hole."  "Jim," 
etc. 

//.    Criticism,  Belles-Lettres,   General  Lit- 
erature : 

—Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  (1 809-  ;  ge- 
nial, witty,  his  writings  abound  in 
beauty,  pathos,  and  pure  humor). 
The  Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast 
Table,  1858.  Professor  at  the 
Breakfast  Table.  The  Poet  at  the 
Breakfast  Table,  1871.  Our  Hun- 
dred Days  in  Europe.  Medical 
Essays.  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson, 
1884.  Novels:  Elsie  Venner. 
Guardian  Angel.  "One  Hoss 
Shay."  "Old  Ironsides."  "Bill 
and  Joe."  "Under  the  Violets," 
etc. 

—Henry  Giles  (1809-82).  Illustrations  of 
Genius.  Human  Life  in  Shakespeare. 
Christian  Thought  on  Life.  Lectures. 
Essays. 

—Samuel  II.  Dickson  (1708-1872;  "style 
graceful  and  polished." — Adams).  Es- 
says: Life.  Sleep.  Tain.  On  the  Cor- 
relation of  Forces.  Esthetics  of  Suicide. 
Elements  of  Medicine.     Addresses. 

—J.  S.  Hart  (1810-77).  Manuals  of  English 
and  American  Literature.  Composition 
and  Rhetoric. 


Last  Forty  Years:  Belles-Lettres. 


101 


—Henry  T.  Tuckerman  (1813-71).  Thoughts 
on  the  Poets.  Book  of  the  Artists.  Bio- 
graphical Essays,  etc. 

—Henry  N.  Hudson  (1814-86;  emi- 
nent Shakespearian  scholar) .  Lec- 
tures on  Shakespeare.  Editions  of 
Shakespeare's  Plays  (popular  and 
reliable),  etc. 

—Samuel  A.  Allibone  (1816-   .)•    TMctionary 

of  Authors. 
— E.  A.  Duyckinck   (1810-78)    and   George 

L.  Duyckinck  (1823-63).    Encyclopaedia 

of  American  Literature,  1856. 
—John  Bartlett  (1820-    ).    Familiar  Quota- 
tions.   Shakespeare  Phrase  Book. 
—Mrs.  Sarah  Parton  ("  Fanny  Fern  ")  (1811- 

72).    Fern  Leaves,  etc. 
—Gen.    D.   H.   Strother  ("Porte   Crayon") 

(1816-    ).    Numerous  works,  principally 

sketches  of  A^irginia  life. 

— Elihu  Burritt  (1811-80 ;  "the  learned 
blacksmith").  Sparks  from  the 
Anvil.  A  Voice  from  the  Forge. 
Peace  Papers  for  the  People. 

—James  T.  Pields  (1816-81) .  Yester- 
days with  Authors.  Underbrush. 
"  Wordsworth."     "  Eventide." 

—Edwin  Percy  Whipple  (1819-86). 
Character  and  Characteristic  Men. 
Age  of  Elizabeth.  Literature  and 
Life.  Essays  and  reviews.  (An 
able  and  trustworthy  critic.) 

—James  Russell  JQowell  (1819-  ;  see 
also  p.  98.  Poet,  critic,  diplomat, 
orator,  teacher;  style  brilliant, 
forcible,  satiric,  humorous,  some- 
times profound  and  subtle.  Ed. 
the  Atlantic,  1857-62).  Among 
my  Books.  My  Study  Windows. 
Fireside  Travels.  Life  of  Haw- 
thorne. 

—Richard  Grant  White  (1822-85). 
Everyday  English.  Words  and 
their  Uses.  Essays  on  Shake- 
spearian Subjects.  Edition  of 
Shakespeare.     Essays. 


Charlotte    Cushman,   1816- 
70,  American  actress. 


1S72.     Genevan     award     of 
Alabama  claims. 


E.     A.     Sothern,     1830-81, 
English  actor. 


Hiram     Powers,     1805-73, 
American  sculptor. 


John  Buskin  (b.  1819). 


1873.     Financial  panic. 


1873.    MacMahon,  president 
of  France. 


102 


Last    Forty   Years:  Belles-Lett  res. 


1876.    The  <  luster  maaaacre 
u\  War). 


Cornelius  I  anderbilt,  1794- 
i->77,  American  million- 
nalre. 


,,/,  Jefferson  (b.  1829), 

American  actor. 


1876.   Centennial  Exposition 
at  Philadelphia. 


1-77.      B. 
dent 


/;     Hayes,   preai- 


Ro6eH     '■'     Ingertoll     (b. 
American    lawyer 
and  oral 


—Thomas  Wentworth  Higginson 
(1823-  ).  Outdoor  Papers.  Old- 
port  Days.  Malbone,  a  romance. 
Atlantic  Essays.  Sympathy  of 
Religions.  Young  Folks'  History 
of  the  United  States. 

— lames  Parton  (1822-  ).  Articles 
and  numerous  attractive  biogra- 
phies (Burr,  Jackson,  etc.  *Vol- 
taire).  The  French  Parnassus. 
Humorous  Poetry. 

—George  William  Curtis  (1824-  ; 
present  editor  of  I  larper's  Weekly). 
Lotus  Eating.  The  Potiphar  Pa- 
pers. Nile  Notes.  Prue  and  I 
(a  volume  of  delightful  sketches). 
Trumps. 

— William  J.  Rolf e  (1827-  ).  Annotated  edi- 
tion of  Shakespeare's  Plays.  Numerous 
text-books. 

—Hiram  Corson  (1828-  ).  Edition  of  Chau- 
cer's works.  Handbook  of  Anglo-Saxon 
and  Early  English. 

—Eugene  L.  Didier  (18  -  ).  Life  of  Toe. 
Primer  of  Criticism.  Life  and  Letters  of 
Madame  Bonaparte. 

—Ignatius  Donnelly  (1831-  ).  Essay 
on  Shakespeare's  Sonnets.  At- 
lantis. Ragnarok.  The  Great 
( '  ry  ptogram,  1888. 

— Moncure  D.  Conway  (1832-  ). 
erson  at  Home  and  Abroad, 
monology.  Idols  and  Ideals. 
Wandering  Jew. 

—A.   P.    Russell   (1826-     ).     A 
of  One   (a  sparkling  work), 
brary  Notes.     Characteristics, 
a  Club  Corner,  1890. 

— Edmund  Clarence  Stedman  (1833-  ; 
poet  and  critic).  Alice  of  Mon- 
mouth. "The  Blameless  Prince." 
"Pan  in  Wall  Street."  "The 
Lord's  Day  dale."  "The  Heart 
of  New  England."  *  Victorian 
Poets.  American  Poets.  E.  A. 
Poe. 


Em- 
De- 

The 

Club 
Li- 
In 


Last  Forty  Years:   General  Literature. 


103 


— H.  H.  Furness  (1833-  ;  noted  Shake- 
spearian scholar).  Variorum  edi- 
tions of  the  plays. 

—Moses  Coit  Tyler   (1835-     ).    Brownville 
Papers.     Essays.     A  scholarly  and  excel- 
lent History  of  American  Literature. 
— C.  F.  Adams,  Jr.  (1835-      ;  "an  authority 
on  railway  science  ").     Chapters  of  Erie. 
Railroads.    A  College  Fetich. 
—William  Winter    (1836-     ).     The   Trip  to 
England.       English    Rambles.       Shake- 
speare's England.    The  Jeffersons.    "Az- 
rael."      "My   Witness."      "The  Wan- 
derers." 
—Mary  Abigail  Dodge  ("Gail  Hamil- 
ton") (1838-     ;  a  "  witty,  aggres- 
sive writer,  sometimes  flippant"). 
Red  Letter  Days.  Wool  Gathering. 
Gala  Days.     Summer  Rest.     Wo- 
man's  Wrong.     Sermons    to    the 
Clergy.     First  Love  is  Best.     Bat- 
tle of  the  Books.     What  think  ye 
of  Christ  ?     A  Xew  Atmosphere. 

— Whitelaw  Reid  (1838-     ;  New  York  Trib- 
une).    Newspaper  Tendencies,  etc. 

—George  Alfred  Townsend  ("  Gath")  (1841- 
).     Bohemian    Days.      The    Entailed 
Hat.    Poems,  etc. 

—Sidney  Lanier  (1842-81;  poet  and 
litterateur).  "Centennial  Ode." 
"The  Stirrup  Cup."  "Poems." 
Tiger  Lilies,  a  novel.  Science  of 
English  Verse.  The  English  Novel 
and  its  Development.  Florida.  Ed- 
ited The  Boys'  Percy,  Boys'  King 
Arthur,  Boys'  Mabinogion. 

— Laurence  Hutton  (1843-     ).  Literary  Land- 
marks of  London. 

l.  Fiction: 
—Jacob  Abbott  (1803-79 ;  deservedly 
popular).  The  Rollo  Books.  His- 
toriGS 
—NATHANIEL  HAWTHORNE  (1804- 
64 ;  the  greatest,  but  not  the  most 
popular  American  novelist ;  power 
of  imagination,  subtlety  of  analy- 


1877.  Russo-Turkish  War; 
followed  by  the  Berlin 
treaty. 


1877.     United  States  troops 
withdrawn  from  the  South. 


1877.    Railroad  riots  at  Pitts 
burgh,  and  elsewhere. 


Kellogg  (b.  1844),  vocalist. 


Bulwer,  1805-73. 


Thackeray,  1811-63. 


Dickens,  1812-70. 


10-1 


Last   Forty    Years:  Fiction. 


rnor-gen- 
.  i  ji  of  <  lanada. 


1879.     Keauraption  of  specie 
payment*. 


QriVff,   president  of 
France. 


Ueorge  Eliot,  1819-80. 


[riab    Land    League 
funned. 


1881.     Jamet 

presiiliia 


.1.    Oarfltld, 


sis,  and  purity  of  diction  charac- 
terize his  style).  Twice-Told 
Talcs,  1837.  Fanshawe.  Grand- 
lather's  Chair.  Scarlet  Letter, 
1850.  Mosses  from  an  Old  Manse. 
House  of  the  Seven  Gables,  1851. 
Blithedale  Romance.  Wonder 
Book  for  Boys  and  Girls.  Tangle- 
wood  Talcs.  *  Marble  Faun.  Amer- 
ican. English,  and  Italian  Note- 
Books.  Posthumous :  Dolliver 
Eomance.     Septimius  Fclton. 

— R.  M.  Bird  (1805-54).  Dramas: 
Broker  of  Bogota.  Spartacus  Cala- 
var.  The  Infidel.  Nick  of  the 
Woods.     Robin  Day. 

—William  Gilmore  Simms  (1806-70). 
The  Partisan.  Melliohampe.  Ye- 
massee.  The  Scout.  History  of 
South  Carolina.  Morals  of  Slav- 
ery.    Biographies.     Poems. 

—Mrs.  E.  Oakes  Smith  (180G-  ).  Novels  ami 
poems. 

— T.  S.  Arthur  (1809-85).  Many  novels  and 
stories,  popular,  but  not  of  much  literary 
character.    Ten  Nights  in  a  Barroom. 

—Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  (1809-  ). 
Elsie  Venner.  Guardian  Angel. 
(Seep.  100.) 

—Harriet  Beecher  Stowe  (1812-  ). 
*Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,  1852  (one  of 
the  most  influential  novels  ever 
written).  Dred.  The  Minister's 
Wooing.  Pearl  of  Orr's  Island, 
1862.  We  and  our  Neighbors. 
Oldtown  Folks. 

-Richard  II.  Dana,  Jr.  (1815-82). 
Two  Years  before  the  Mast.  To 
Cuba  and  Back.  Also  poetry. 
—Josiah  G.  Holland  (1819-81  ;  novels 
popular;  as  poet,  p.  98).  Arthur 
Bonnicastle.  Sevenoaks.  Miss  Gil- 
bert's Career.  Nicholas  Minturn. 
Goldfoil.  Timothy  Titcomb's  Let- 
ters. 


Last  Forty   Years :  Fiction. 


105 


-Mrs.  Ann  S.  Stephens  (1813-  ;  sensa- 
tional). Mary  Derwent.  Fashion  and 
Famine,  etc. 

-Mrs.  E.  D.  E.  N.  Southworth  (1818-  ;  a 
prolific  but  sensational  writer).  The 
Prince  of  Darkness.  Retribution.  Ish- 
mael.     The  Widow's  Son. 

-Susan  Warner  (1818-  ).  Queechy.  The 
Wide,  Wide  World. 

-Mrs.  E.  P.  Prentiss  (1818-78  ;  popular  re- 
ligious fiction).  Pemaquid.  Home  at 
Greylock.     Stepping  Heavenward. 

-Abby  Morton  Diaz  (1821-  ;  humorous 
juvenile  stories).  William  Henry  Letters. 
Stimpcett  Family,  etc. 

-W.  T.  Adams  ("  Oliver  Optic  ")  (1822-  ). 
Boat  Club  Series.  Lake  Shore  Series,  etc. 
(Popular  stories  for  boys.) 

-Edward  Everett  Hale  (1822-  ;  nov- 
els entertaining  and  of  good  influ- 
ence) .  The  Man  without  a  Coun- 
try. Philip  Nolan's  Friends.  The 
Ingham  Papers.  Ten  Times  One 
is  Ten.  His  Level  Best.  In  His 
Name. 

-Donald  Grant  Mitchell  ("Ike  Mar- 
vel") (1822-  ).  Reveries  of  a 
Bachelor,  1850.  Dream  Life.  Ru- 
ral Studies.  My  Farm  at  Edge- 
wood.  Doctor  Johns  ("an  excel- 
lent novel"). 


(1823-    ).     The 
Temple  House. 
Shoulder  Straps. 


-Elizabeth  D.  B.  Stoddard 
Morgesons.     Two  Men. 

-Henry  Morford  (1823-84). 
Days  of  Shoddy. 

-James  R.  Gilmore  ("  Edmund  Kirke ") 
(1823-  ).  Among  the  Pines.  My  South- 
ern Friends. 

-Mrs.  Sarah  J.  Lippincott  ("Grace 
Greenwood")  (1823-  ).  History 
of  My  Pets.  Life  of  Victoria.  Sto- 
ries from  Many  Lands.  "Ari- 
adne." 

-Adeline  D.  T.  Whitney  (1824-  ). 
We  Girls.  Leslie  Goldthwaite. 
Patience  Strong's  Outing.  Faith 
Gartney's  Girlhood.     Poems. 


1881.   Assassination  of  A  lex- 
uuder  II.  of  Russia. 


18S1,  July  2.    Garfield  shot ; 
he  died  September  19. 


Chester   A.  Arthur,   presi- 
dent. 


1883.        Brooklyn       Bridge 
opened. 


1883.  Lansdoume,  gov  jrnor 
general  of  Canada. 


106 


Last   Forty    Tears:    Fiction. 


intkie  Collins,  1824-80. 


<  !binese  immigration 
forbidden. 


Coronal! f    <'z;ir 

Alexander  111. 


—William  M.  Baker  (1825-83).     In- 
side.    Carter   Quarterman.     Colo- 
nel Dunvroddie.     His  Majesty  My- 
self. 
—Bayard  Taylor  (1825-78).     Hannah 
Thurston,  L863I     Story  of  Kennet. 
—J.  T.  Trowbridge  (1827-    ).     Cudjo's 
Cave.      His  Own  Master.     Neigh- 
bor Jackwood.     Lucy  Arlyn.     The 
Three     Scouts.      Coupon    Bonds. 
The  Man  who   Stole  a   Meeting- 
House.     "The  Vagabonds."     "At 
Sea."     *" Midsummer"    ("an   al- 
most  perfect    poem." — Adams). 
"  A  Home  Idyl,"  etc. 
— Kose  Terry  Cooke  (1827-     ;  stories 
of  high  rank).    Somebody's  Neigh- 
bors.    Two  Villages,  etc. 
—Maria  S.  Cummins  (1827-66).     The 
Lamplighter.    Mabel  Vaughan.  El 
Fureidis. 
—Theodore  Winthrop  ( 1 828-61 ) .     Ce- 
cil   Dreeme.     John    Brent.     The 
Canoe    and    the    Saddle.     Edwin 
Brothertoff. 
—Gen.  Lew  Wallace  (1828-     ;  a  dra- 
matic   style).      Ben    Hur.      The 
Fair  God. 
— Martha  Finley  ("  Martha  Farquhar- 
son")(1828-    ).  Casella.  Wanted, 
(  a  Pedigree.     The  Elsie  Dinsmore 
Series. 
-Charles  Dudley    Warner  (1829-     ). 
Saunterings.     Winter  on  the  Nile. 
Backlog  Studies.     My  Summer  in 
a   Garden.     Mummies    and    Mos- 
lems.   Baddeck.    Irving  (in  Amer- 
ican Men  of  Letters  Series). 
— S.    Weir    Mitchell    (1829-     ).     In 
War  Time.     Roland    Blake.     Po- 
ems ("Cap  of  Youth."     "Hill  of 
Stones"). 
John  Esten  Cooke  (1830-     ).     Vir- 
ginia Comedians.  Fanchette.   Ilen- 
n  St.  John.     Pokahontas.     Lives 


Last  Forty  Years:  Fiction. 


107 


of  Jackson  and  Lee.     History  of 

Virginia. 
—Helen    Hunt    Jackson    ("H.    H.") 

(1831-85).      Ramona.      Bits    of 

Travel.    Bits  of  Talk.     "Tides." 

"October,"  etc. 
— Rebecca  Harding  Davis   (1831-     ). 

Paul  Bleecker.     Waiting  for  the 

Verdict.     A  Law  unto  Herself. 
—Louise  Chandler  Moulton  (1832-    ). 

Random  Rambles.    Essays,  sketch- 
es, poems. 
—Louisa  May  Alcoit  (1832-88).  *Little 

Women,  18G7.  OldJ^ashioned  Girl. 

Little  Men.    Aunt  Jo's  Scrap  Bag. 

Aunt  Jo's  Boys.    Work.    Hospital 

Sketches. 

—James  DeMille  (1833-80  ;  humorous  novels). 
The  Cryptogram.  American  Baron.  Com- 
edy of  Terrors,  etc. 

—Frank  R.  Stockton  (1834-  ).  Rud- 
der Grange.  The  Late  Mrs.  Null. 
The  Casting  Away  of  Mrs.  Leeks 
and  Mrs.  Aleshine.  The  Hun- 
dredth Man.  The  Lady  or  the 
Tiger?  The  Great  War  Syndi- 
cate, etc. 

— Mrs.  Terhune  ("Marion  Harland") 
(183-  ).  Alone,  1854.  Moss 
Side.  The  Hidden  Path.  Miriam. 
Eve's  Daughters.  Common  Sense 
in  the  Household. 

— Harriet  Prescott  Spofford  (1835-  ). 
Amber  Gods.  Sir  Rohan's  Ghost. 
Thief  in  the  Night. 

—Mrs.  A.  J.  Wilson  (1835-  ).  St.  Elmo. 
Vashti.     Beulah. 

— T.  B.  Aldrich  (1836-  ).  Marjorie 
Daw.  Story  of  a  Bad  Boy.  Still- 
water Tragedy.  Prudence  Palfrey. 
Queen  of  Sheba.  "Baby  Bell," 
and  other  poems. 

— Edward Eggleston  (1837-  ).  Hoosier 
Schoolmaster.  Circuit  Rider.  Roxy. 
End  of  the  World,  etc. 


1885.       Orover    Cleveland, 
president. 


1885.    Death  of  Gen.  Grant. 


108 


Last 


1880.     Charleston 

earthquake. 


I 


1888.     Carnot, 
Prance 


president  of 


Forty    Years 

v 


Fiction. 


mm  Dean  Hoirells  (1837-  ). 
Venetian  Life.  Italian  Journey- 
ings.  Their  Wedding  Journey. 
The  Lady  of  the  Aroostook.  A 
Modern  Instance.  A  Foregone 
Conclusion.  A  Woman's  Eeason. 
A  Chance  Acquaintance.  Rise  of 
Silas  Lapham.  Dr.  Breen's  Prac- 
tice. April  Hopes.  Sleeping  Car, 
The  Mouse  Trap,  and  other  farces. 

— E.  P.  Eoe  (1838-88;  religious,  la- 
bored, popular).  Barriers  Burned 
Away.  A  Face  Illumined.  From 
Jest  to  Earnest.  Opening  of  a 
Chestnut  Burr,  etc. 

—Albion  W.  Tourgee  (1838-  ).  A 
Fool's  Errand.  Bricks  Without 
Straw.  John  Fax.  Hot  Plow- 
shares.    Figs  and  Thistles. 

—Horace  E.  Scudder  (1838-  ).  The  Bodley 
Books.  Dream  Children.  Many  chil- 
dren's stories.     Noah  Webster. 

— Mary  Clemmer  Ilndson  (1839-84).  Eirene. 
His  Two  Wives.  ••  Poems  of  Life  and 
Nature."  Memorials  of  Alice  and  Phcehe 
Cary.     Letters. 

—Julia  McNair  Wright  (1840-  ).  Almost 
a  Nun.  Priest  and  Nun  (Anti-Romanist 
tales). 

—Olive Logan  Sikes  (1841-    ).    Stories,lec- 

tures,  plays,  etc. 
—Mrs  Alden  ("  Pansy  ")  (1841-    ).    Relig- 
ious tales:    Four   Girls  at  Chautauqua. 

Esther  Reid,  etc. 
—Mrs.  Mary  J.  Holmes  (18    -    ).    Tempest 

and    Sunshine,    IS.".  1.     Lena    Rivers.     In 

all,  28  novels. 
—Anna  Dickinson  (1842-     ).     A  Paying  In- 
stment.    What  Answer?    Lectures. 
Ellen    Oliuy    Kirk    (1842-     ).      Margaret 

Kent.     Midsummer  Madness.    Lesson  in 

Love. 

— Nora  Perry  (         -     ).     Stories  and  Poems. 

Fora  Woman.    "Afterthe  Ball."     "  Ro- 
mance of  a  Rose." 

— Henry  James,  Jr.  (1843-  ).  Kod- 
erick  Hudson.  The  American. 
The  Europeans.  Portrait  of  a 
Lady.     An  International  Episode. 


Last  Forty  Years :  Fiction. 


100 


Daisy  Miller  (novelette,  afterwards 
dramatized).      A   Passionate  Pil- 
grim.    Watch  and  Ward.     Trans- 
Atlantic    Sketches.      Portraits   of 
Places.     Life  of  Hawthorne. 
—Elizabeth  Stuart  Phelps  Ward  (1844- 
).      Silent   Partner.       Story   of 
Avis.     Doctor  Zay.     *Gates  Ajar. 
Beyond   the    Gates.     Hedged   In. 
Poems,  etc. 
—George    W.    Cable    (1844-     ).     Old 
Creole  Days.     Madame  Delphine. 
The    Grandissimes.  '    Dr.    Sevier. 
Bonaventure.     Life  of  Simms. 
— Constance  Fenimore  Woolson  (1848- 
).     Anne,  1882.    For  the  Major. 
Rodman  the  Keeper.     Castle  No- 
where.     "Two  Women,"  etc. 
— Julian  Hawthorne  (1846-     ).    Bres- 
sant.      Idolatry.      Dust.      Garth. 
Sebastian  Strome.   Fortune's  Fool. 
Life  of  Nathaniel  Hawthorne,  his 
father. 
— Mary  Halleck  Foote  (1847-  ;  novel- 
ist and  artist).     Led  Horse  Claim. 
JohnBodewin's  Testimony.  Friend 
Barton's  Concern,  etc. 
—Edgar  Fawcett  (1847-     ).    Hopeless 
Case.    Social  Silhouettes.    Adven- 
tures of  a  Widow.     Gentleman  of 
Leisure.    Ambitious  Woman.    So- 
larion.     "  Romance  and  Revery." 
"  Song  and  Story." 
—William  H.  Bishop  (1847-     ).     Det- 
mold.       House    of    a    Merchant 
Prince. 
— Virginia     W.     Johnson     (1847-      ; 
"  graceful,  original ").    Joseph  the 
Jew.     Two  Old  Cats.     A  Foreign 
Marriage.    Sack  of  Gold.    An  Eng- 
lish Daisy  Miller. 
—A.  S.  Hardy  (1847-     ).     But  Yet  a 

Woman.     The  Wind  of  Destiny. 
— H.  H.  Boyesen  (1848).   Norse  Idyls. 


1889.     Benjamin  Harrison, 
president. 


William    Black    (b.    1841), 
Scottish  novelist. 


Falconberg. 


Norseman's  Pilgrim- 


110 


Last  Forty    Tears:  Fiction. 


1889.     Kloort  at  Johnstown, 
rennsylvania. 


1880.  Idmission  of  North 
;i!id  South  Dakota,  Mon- 
i.m.i,  and  Washington. 


age.  Talcs  from  Two  Hemispheres. 
G-unnar.  The  Light  of  Her  Coun- 
tenance.    Poems. 

—Joel  Chandler  Harris  (1848-  ). 
Uncle  Remus  sketches. 

— Margaret  DeLand  (  ).    John 

Ward,  Preacher.  Florida  Days. 
Poems. 

— Mrs.  Frances  Hodgson  Burnett  (1849- 
).  That  Lass  o'  Lowrie's.  Ha- 
worth's.  Through  One  Adminis- 
tration. Louisiana.  Little  Lord 
Fauntleroy,  etc. 
-Sarah  Orne  Jewett  (1849-  ).  Deep- 
haven.  Country  By -Ways.  Play 
Days.  Old  Friends  and  New. 
(Simple,  graceful  stories.) 

— Anna  K.  Green  (1846-  ).  *Leaven- 
worth  Case,  1878.  Sword  of  Dam- 
ocles. Strange  Disappearance.  The 
Mill  Mystery. 

— Edgar  Saltus  (1858-  ).  Balzac,  a 
Study.  The  Philosophy  of  Dis- 
enchantment. The  Truth  about 
Tristrem  Varick,  1888. 

— Lizzie   Williams  Champney   (1850- 

).     In  the    Sky   Garden,   1886. 

Bourbon  Lilies.     Sebia's  Tangled 

Web.    Three  Vassar  Girls  in  South 

America. 

— Edward  Bellamy  (1850-  ).  Dr. 
Heidenhoff's  Process.  Miss  Lud- 
ington's  Sister.  ^Looking  Back- 
ward. 

— George  P.  Lathrop  (1751-  ).  Rose 
and  Roof  tree.  An  Echo  of  Pas- 
sion. Newport.  A  Study  of  Haw- 
thorne. 

—.Miss  Mary  N.  Murfree  ("Charles 
Egbert  Craddock")  (1850-  ). 
Prophet  of  the  Great  Smoky  Moun- 
tain. Where  the  Battle  was  Fought. 
In  the  Clouds.  Despot  of  Broom- 
sedge  Cove,  etc. 


Last  Fort y    Years:   Fid  ton. 


Ill 


-Edith  Thomas  (1854-  ).  New 
Year's  Masque.  Meritorious  short 
poems. 

-Blanche  Willis  Howard  (1847-  ). 
One  Summer,  1875.  Guenn.  Aunt 
Serena.  *The  Open  Door.  Aulnay 
Tower.     One  Year  Abroad  (1877). 

-F.  Marion  Crawford  (1854-  ).  Mr. 
Isaacs.  Dr.  Claudius.  A  Roman 
Singer.    To  Leeward.    Paul  Patoff. 


1889.     Brazil  declared  a  re- 
public. 


SUMMARY    OF   THE    RANKING. 


English  Authors: 
Class  A.  — Chaucer,  Spenser,  Shakespeare,  Bacon,  Milton,  Byron, 
Scott,  Thackeray,  Dickens.     [9.] 

Class  B.  — Jonson,  Hooker,  Dryden,  Pope,  Steele,  Addison,  Swift, 
Defoe,  Johnson,  Goldsmith,  Hume,  Gibbon,  Burke,  Gray, 
Cowper,  Burns,  Moore,  Shelley,  Wordsworth,  Keats,  Coler- 
idge, Sheridan,  Macaulay,  Mill,  Spencer,  Darwin,  Lamb,  Car- 
lyle,  Buskin,  Buhver,  Eliot,  Tennyson,  Browning.     [33.] 

Class  C.  —  Bede,  Alfred,  Caedmon,  Gower,  Wycliffe,  James  I., 
Caxton,  Skelton,  Dunbar,  Surrey,  More,  Coverdale,  Sackville, 
Sidney.  Marlowe,  Raleigh,  Lyly,  Ascham,  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  Massinger,  Ford,  Webster,  Herbert,  Waller,  Cowley, 
Barton,  Browne,  Baxter,  Hobbes,  Walton,  Samuel  Butler, 
Wycherley,  Bunyan,  Taylor,  Locke,  Newton,  Young,  Arbuth- 
not,  Montagu,  Fielding,  Richardson,  Smollett,  Sterne,  llobert- 
son,  Boswell,  Bishop  Butler,  Blackstone,  Paley,  Adam  Smith, 
Thomson,  Collins,  Crabbe,  Macpherson,  Campbell,  Hood, 
Southey,  Knowles,  Hallam,  Rawlinson,  Fronde,  Chalmers, 
Whately,  Hugh  Miller,  Kinglake,  J.  11.  Green,  Hamilton, 
Stewart,  Newman,  Kingsley,  Herschell,  Whewell,  Tyndall, 
Huxley,  Muller,  Sidney  Smith,  Wilson,  De  Quincey,  Hazlitt, 
Morley,  Matthew  Arnold,  Disraeli,  Bronte,  Eeade,  Trollope, 
Collins,  Mrs.  Browning,  Edwin  Arnold.     [86.] 

Ann  rican  .  I  \dhors : 
Class  A  (aboul  on  a  oar  with  Class  T>,  English  authors).  —  Bryant, 
Irving,  Emerson,  Longfellow,  Lowell,  Hawthqrne.     [6.] 

Class  B. —  Edwards,    Franklin,    Poe,  Cooper,   Webster,  Whittier, 
iwe,  Pn   cott,  Bancroft,  Bayard  Taylor,  Holmes.     [H-] 

Class  C.  — Cotton  Mather,  Hamilton.  Thomas  Paine,  C.  \>.  Brown, 
Audubon,  Wirt,  Everett,  Channing,  Margaret  Fuller,  Thoreau, 
.  -    ;e,  Holland,  Whitman,  D.  <i.  Mitchell,  Lanier,  Hale, 
Alcott,    Trowbridge,    Bret    Harte,    Motley,    Lossing,   Lowell 
(e  Whipple,    R.   G.   White,    Stedman,    Fiske,   Curtis, 

Marsh.  Warner,  Howells,  Cable,  James.     [34.] 
i  i  _■ 


A   LIST    OF    BOOKS 

Selected  from  English  and  American  Literature,  and  recommended 
for  general  reading.  works  marked  thus  (t)  are  adapted  rather 
for  older  readers  and  students.  the  second  part  of  each  group 
io  American. 


/.  Biography. 

tJohnson's  Lives  of  Savage,  Milton, 

Swift,  Addison. 
tBoswell's  Johnson. 
Carlyle's  Frederick  II.  and  Essays  on 

Burns  and  Scott. 
Macaulay's  Biographical  Essays  (com- 
bined charm  and  value). 
Forster's  Dickens  (standard). 
Miller's  Schools  and  Schoolmasters, 
t Moore's  Byron  (sketch). 
Southey's  Nelson. 
Smiles's  Brief  Biographies. 
Yonge's  Marie  Antoinette. 
Froude's  Csesar. 
Hughes's  Alfred  the  Great. 
Conybeare  and  Howson's  Life  of  St. 

Paul. 
Howitt's  Homes  of  the  Poets. 
Jameson's  Loves  of  the  Poets  (very 

enjoyable  style). 
English  Men  of  Letters  Series. 


Irving's  Columbus,  Mahomet,   Gold- 
smith, and  Washington. 
Franklin' s  Autobiography. 
Prescott's  Ferdinand  and  Isabella, 
t  Abbott's  Napoleon. 
Whipple's  Eminent  Men. 
Parton's  Famous  Americans. 
American  Men  of  Letters  Series. 

II.  Drama. 

Shakespeare.  Comedies:  Merchant  of 
Venice,  As  You  Like  It,  Midsum- 
mer Night's  Dream,  Twelfth  Night, 
Winter' s  Tale.  Histories :  R  ichard 
IH.,  John,  Henry  IV.  and  V. 
Tragedies:  Hamlet,  Othello,  Mac- 
beth, Lear,  Caesar,  Coriolanus. 


tJonson's    Every   Man  in  his  Humor 

and  The  Alchemist. 
tMassinger's  New  Way   to  Pay  Old 

Debts  (Sir  Giles  Overreach), 
t  Marlowe's     Faustus,     or     Tambur- 

laine. 
tWycherley's    Plain    Dealer,   or    Old 

Bachelor. 
tCongreve's  Mourning  Bride. 
tFarquhar's  Beaux'  Stratagem. 
Goldsmith's  She    Stoops  to  Conquer 
and  The  Good-natured  Man  (both 
excellent) . 
tlreland's     Vortigern     (imitation     of 

Shakespeare) . 
Sheridan's  Rivals,  Critic,  and  School 

for  Scandal. 
Knowles's  Hunchback  and  the  Love 

Chase. 
Mitford's  Rienzi. 
Bulwer's  Lady  of  Lyons  and  Cardinal 

Richelieu. 
Robert  Browning's  Strafford. 

III.  Economics. 

More's  Utopia  (quaint,  and  generally 
interesting) . 

Bacon's  New  Atlantis. 

Milton's  Areopagitica  (a  noble  appeal 
for  press- freedom), 
t Smith's  Wealth  of  Nations. 

Mill's  On  Liberty,  Subjection  of  Wo- 
men, tPolitical  Economy. 

Bagehot's  Physics  and  Politics. 

Spencer's  Sociology. 

Bryce's  American  Commonwealth. 


Nordhoff's  Politics  for  Young  Ameri- 
cans. 
Macy's  Our  Government. 

113 


II I 


Select  List  of  Books. 


George'a  Progress  and  Povertj  (per- 
suasive and  attractive). 

Ely's  French  and  German  .Socialism 
(interesting,  recent). 

Wells's   Economic   Changes   (a   su 
rtive  book). 

IV.    Essays  and  General  Litera- 
ture. 

;  Sidney's  Defense  of  Poesy. 
i  Fox's  Book  Of  .Martyrs. 
Ascham's  Schoolmaster. 
Bacon's  Essays  and  Wisdom  of  the 

Ancients. 
Burton's     Anatomy    of    Melancholy 

(worth  sketching). 
Milton  "ii  Education  (a  curious  little 

treatise). 
Walt  mi's  Complete  Angler  (charming 

rural  scenes  and  pursuits). 
Pepys's    Diary   (a   revelation   of   the 

manners  (if  his  time). 
Spectator  (criticism,  conduct  of  life. 

humorOUS  sketches). 
Swift's  Tale  of  a  Tub  and  Battle  of 

the  Books. 
Montagu's  Letters. 
t Chesterfield's  Letters. 
Johnson's    Rambler  (patterned  after 

the  Spectator). 

tBlackstone's    Commentaries   (not   a 

honk  for  lawyers  only). 
f Karnes1  a  Elements  of  Criticism. 
Goldsmith's  Citizen  of  the  World. 
Disraeli's    Curiosities    of    Literature 

i  for  reference). 
Burke's  Speeches   and   Essay  on  the 

Sublime  and  Beautiful. 
Coleridge's  Lectures  on  Shakespeare. 
Knight's  Half  Hours  (selections  from 

good  works). 
Macaulay's  Essays  (always  attractive 

and  useful). 
Luskin's    Ethics     of     the     Dust     and 
Sesame    and     Lilies    (in    beautiful 

style,  of  aoble  purposi 
Lamb's   Essays   of   Elia   (delightful, 
genial,  quaim ). 

ii.i/.iin's  Characters  in  Shakespeare. 
Wilson's     No  \mhrosiame    (read 

the  condensation). 

De  Quince]  'Si         jra  and  Confessions 

of  an  <  Ipium  Eater. 


Carlyle's  Sartor  Resartus,  Heroes  and 
Hero  Worship. 

Jameson's  Characteristics  of  Women 
in  Shakespeare  (very  attractively 
written). 

Lubbock's  Pleasures  of  Life, 
t  Raskin's  Modern  Painters. 

Hamerton's  Intellectual  Life  (astrong, 
suggestive  book). 

Fronde's  Short  Studies  on  Great  Sub- 
jects. 

Smiles's  Self-Help. 


;  Woohnan's  .Journal. 

Wirt's  Letters  of  a  British  Spy. 

Irving's  Sketch  Book,  Alhambra, 
Bracebridge  Hall. 

Webster's  Orations  (in  strong,  digni- 
fied English). 

.Marsh's  Essays  on  English  Litera- 
1  ure. 

Emerson's  Essays,  Conduct  of  Life, 
English  Traits. 

Cozzens's  Sparrowgrass  Tapers  (gen- 
uinely humorous) . 

Artemus  Ward's  writings. 

Holmes's  Autocrat  of  (and  Professor 
at)  the  Breakfast  Table  (well  w<  >rt  I  r 
reading). 

Fields's  Yesterdays  with  Authors. 

Whipple's  Essays. 

Lowell's  Among  my  Books  and  My 
Study  'Windows  (both  valuable 
books). 

White's  Words  and  their  Uses,  Study 
of  Shakespeare. 

Hawthorne's  Note-books. 

Stedman's  Victorian  Poets. 

.Mitchell's  Reveries  of  a  Bachelor  (full 
of  charm). 

Warner's  Backlog  Studies,  My  Sum- 
mer in  a  Garden. 

Curt  is' s  l'rue  and  I  (very  enjoyable 
sketches). 

Burroughs's  Birds  and  Poets,  Wake 
Robin,  and  other  works  (delightful 
in  style,  full  of  nature). 

V.    Fi'i  inn. 

Gulliver's  Travels  (Swift). 

Defoe's  Robinson  Crusoe. 
i  Fielding's  Tom  Jones. 
I  Smollett's  Peregrine  Pickle. 


Select  List  of  Books. 


lir> 


\  Sterne's  Tristram  Shandy  and  a  Sen- 
timental Journey, 
t  Johnson's  Rasselas. 

Goldsmith's  Vicar  of  Wakefield. 
tMackenzie's  Man  of  Feeling. 
tMore's  Ccelebs  in  Search  of  a  Wife. 

Walpole's  Otranto. 

Inchbald's  Simple  Story. 

Beckford's  Vathek. 

Radcliffe's  Udolpho. 

Burney's  Evelina. 
IGodwin's  Caleb  Williams. 

Edgeworth's  Castle  Rackrent,  perhaps 
others. 

Lewis's  The  Monk. 

Austen's  Sense  and  Sensibility  and 
Pride  and  Prejudice. 

Porter's  Scottish  Chiefs  and  Thaddeus 
of  Warsaw. 

Scott's  Kenilworth,  Ivanhoe,  Waver- 
ley,  and  others. 

Marryat's  Midshipman  Easy,  and 
Jacob  Faithful,  or  Snarleyyow. 

Lover's  Handy  Andy,  or  Rory  O'More. 

Lamb's  Tales  from  Shakespeare. 

Wilson's  Lights  and  Shadows  of  Scot- 
tish Life  (read  some  of  these  short 
stories) . 

Disraeli's  Endymion,  or  Lothair. 

Bulwer's  Last  Days  of  Pompeii,  My 
Novel,  Chillingly,  Strange  Story, 
Rienzi,  Coming  Race. 

Lever's  Harry  Lorrequer. 

Kingsley's  Hypatia,  Westward  Ho, 
Alton  Locke. 

Bronte's  Jane  Eyre  and  Shirley. 

Reade's  Put  Yourself  in  His  Place 
and  Griffith  Gaunt. 

Trollope's  Doctor  Thorne,  Orley  Farm, 
Framley  Parsonage. 

Thackeray's  Newcomes  (after  Pen- 
dennis),  Vanity  Fair,  Henry  Es- 
mond, Virginians,  Yellowplush 
Papers,  The  Four  Georges,  Eng- 
lish Humorists. 

Dickens's  Our  Mutual  Friend,  Pick- 
wick Papers,  David  Copperfield, 
Oliver  Twist,  Martin  Chuzzlewit, 
Old  Curiosity  Shop,  Tale  of  Two 
Cities,  and  the  rest. 

George  Eliot's  Adam  Bede,  Middle- 
march,  Romola,  Daniel  Deronda, 
Silas  Marner,  Mill  on  the  Floss. 


Collins's  Armadale,  Woman  in  White, 
Moonstone. 

Craik's  John  Halifax. 

Hughes's  Tom  Brown  at  Rugby. 

MacDonald's  Malcolm,  or  Robert  Fal- 
coner, Donal  Grant,  St.  George 
and  St.  Michael. 

Hardy's  Far  from  the  Madding  Crowd. 

Stevenson's  New  Arabian  Nights,  Dr. 
Jekyll  and  Mr.  Hyde,  Master  of 
Ballantrae. 
t  Ward's  Robert  Elsmere. 


Brown's  Wieland  and  Arthur  Mervyn. 
Cooper's  Last  of  the  Mohicans,  The 

Red  Rover,  The  Pirate,  The  Leath- 

erstocking  Tales. 
Ware's  Zenobia. 
Hawthorne's    Marble    Faun,    Scarlet 

Letter,  House  of  the  Seven  Gables, 

Wonder  Book,  Tanglewood  Tales. 
Hale's   Man  without   a   Country,  In 

His  Name. 
Stowe's  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin. 
Holmes's  Elsie  Venner  and  Guardian 

Angel. 
Lanier's  Boys'  King  Arthur. 
Taylor's  Hannah  Thurston  and  Story 

of  Kennet. 
Trowbridge's  stories. 
Eggleston's  Hoosier  Schoolmaster,  Cir- 
cuit Rider,  Roxy. 
Howells's  Silas  Lapham,  A  Modern 

Instance,  Lady  of  the  Aroostook, 

also  his  farces. 
James's  Daisy  Miller  and  Portrait  of 

a  Lady. 
Wallace's  Ben  Hur. 
Alcott's  Little  Women,  Old- Fashioned 

Girl,  Work. 
Aldrich's  Story  of  a  Bad  Boy,  Pru- 
dence Palfrey. 
Roe's  Face  Illumined. 
Phelps's  Gates  Ajar. 
Cable's  Grandissimes,  Dr.  Sevier,  Old 

Creole  Days. 
Poe's  Tales. 
"Craddock's"  Prophet  of  the  Great 

Smoky  Mountains. 
Stockton's  Rudder  Grange,  The  Late 

Mrs.  Null,  shorter  stories. 
Mark  Twain's  Tom  Sawyer. 
Howard's  Guenn,  One  Summer. 


n; 


Select    List  of  Books. 


Burnett's  Little  Lord  Fauntleroy,  That 
La  is  o'Lowrie's,  Through  <  >ne  Ad- 
ministration. 

r„  Uamy's  Looking  Backward. 

VI.    History. 

Hume's  England. 
^Gibbon's  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Ro 

man  Empire. 
i  Hallam's  Middle  Ages  and  Constitu- 
tional History  of  England. 
i  Arnold's  Rome. 

Carlyle's  French  Revolution. 

Macaulay's  England. 
Utawlinson's  Ancient  Monarchies. 

Creasy's  Fifteen  Battles. 
;  Froude's  England. 
tBuckle's  History  cf  Civilization. 

Kinglake's  Invasion  of  the  Crimea. 

Mi  ■<  larthy's  My  Own  Times. 

Green's   Histories  of   England,   The 
Making  of  England. 

Dickens's  Child's  England. 

Gladstone's  Juventus  Mundi. 

Fisher's  History  of  the  Reformation. 

Mackenzie's  Nineteenth  Century. 


Irving' s  New  York. 
Prescott's  Mexico  and  Peru. 
Motley's  Dutch  Republic. 
tBancroft's  United  states. 
Parkman's  Histories. 
Fiske's  Critical   Period  of  American 

History. 
Stories  of  the  Nations  Series. 

Epochs  of  History  Series. 

VII   Poetry. 

( !haucer\s<  'anterlniry  Tales  ( |irolo-iir, 

Knight's  Tale,  Nonne  PrestesTale). 
Ballads  (Chevy   Chase,    Nut-Browne 

Maid,  etc.     See  Percj  's  Reliques  i. 
Spenser's  Faerie  Queene  (two cantos  I. 
Herbert's  The  Temple. 
Cavalier  poets  (selections). 
Milton's  poetical  works. 
Butler's  Hudibras. 
Dryden's   St.   Cecilia's   Day,    Annus 

Mirabilis,  ami  a  satire. 
Pope's  1  .  Rape  of  the  Lock. 

young's  Night  Thoughts  (parts). 
Addison's  <  !ato  ami  Rosamond. 

ThOmSOn'8  Seasons. 


Gray's  Elegy. 

ColUns's  <  >de  to  the  Passions. 

Goldsmith's  poems. 

Cowper's  John  Gilpin,  My  Mother's 

Picture. 
Macpherson's     Poems     of     Ossian 

(parts). 
Burns' s  Poems. 

Scott's  Lady  of  the  Pake  and  Lay  of 
the  Last  Minstrel. 

Campbell's  Poems. 

Pollock's  Course  of  Time  (parts). 

Byron's  Childe  Harold  and  most  of 
his  other  works. 

Keats's  Poems,  also  Shelley's  and 
Hood's. 

Moore's  Lalla  Kookh  and  Songs. 

Rogers' s  Ginevra. 

Smith's  Address  to  a  Mummy. 

Wolfe's  Burial  of  Sir  John  Moore. 

Wordsworth's  Prelude  and  Sonnets, 
Odes  on  Immortality,  etc. 

Coleridge's  Poems. 

Keble's  Christian  Year  (select). 

Mrs.  Browning's  Aurora  Leigh. 

Macaulay's  Poems. 

Tennyson's  Idyls  of  the  King,  Enoch 
Arden,  In  Memoriam,  The  Prin- 
cess, Maud,  nearly  all  his  shorter 
poems. 

Browning's  Men  and  Women,  Dra- 
matis Personse. 

Matthew  Arnold's  Poems. 

••Meredith's"  Lucile  and  short  po- 
ems (rather  light). 


Drake's  Culprit,  Fay. 

Bryant's  Poems. 

Willis's  Sacred  Poems. 

Poe's  Poems. 

Longfellow's  poems. 

Whittier's  Snow  Hound  and  pieces. 

Holland's  Kathrina. 

Miller's  (Joaquin)  Songs  of  the  Si- 
erras. 

Bret  Harte's  Poems. 

Pead's  Closing  Scene,  Drifting,  etc. 

Lowell's  Sir  Launfal,  Biglow  Papers, 
:  ( lathedral,  and  shorter  poems. 

VIII.  Religious  Literature. 

tReligio  Medici  (Brown). 
Taylor's  Holy  Living  and  Holy  Dying. 


Select  List  of  Books. 


117 


Baxter's  Saints'  Everlasting  Rest. 

Bunyan's  Pilgrim's  Progress. 
t Butler's  Analogy. 

Hughes's  Manliness  of  Christ. 

Geikie's  Life  of  Christ. 
tChanning's  Evidences  of  Christianity. 

IX.  Travel. 

Mandeville's  Travels. 
IHakluyt's  Voyages, 
t Park's  Travels  in  Africa. 
Kinglake's  Eothen. 
Livingstone's  Travels  in  Africa. 
Whymper's    Scrambles    among    the 

Alps. 
Edwards's  Thousand  Miles   up    the 
Nile.         

Taylor's  Views  Afoot,  By-Ways  of 
Europe,  Land  of  the  Saracens. 

Stanley's  Through  the  Dark  Conti- 
nent, 
t Kane's  Arctic  Explorations. 

Mark    Twain's    Innocents    Abroad, 

Tramp  Abroad,  Roughing  It. 
tSchliemann's  Ilios. 

Holmes's  Our  Hundred  Days  in  Eu- 
rope. 

X.  Science. 

White's  Selborne. 

Miller's  Testimony  of  the  Rocks,  Foot- 
prints of  the  Creator,  Old  Red 
Sandstone. 

Spencer's  First  Principles,  Biology, 
and  other  works  (lucid,  strong) . 

Trench's  Study  of  Words. 

Darwin's  Naturalists'  Voyage,  Emo- 
tion in  Animals,  Movement  in 
Plants,  Climbing  Plants,  Insectivo- 
rous Plants,  Descent  of  Man,  t Ori- 
gin of  Species.  (The  first  of  these 
are  easy  and  enjoyable.) 


Tyndall's  Forms  of  Water  (very  en- 
tertaining), On  Sound,  etc. 

Huxley's  Lectures  (popular  in  char- 
acter) . 

Lubbock's  British  Wildfiowers;  Flow- 
ers, Fruits,  and  Leaves  ;  Ants, 
Bees,  and  Wasps  ;  Prehistoric 
Times. 

Proctor's  Other  Worlds,  Myths  and 
Marvels  of  Astronomy. 

Lockyer's  Solar  Physics. 

Ly ell's  Antiquity  of  Man. 

Thompson's  Depths  of  the  Sea. 
f  Mliller's  Chips  from  a  German  Work- 
shop, The  Science   of  Language, 
The  Home  of  the  Aryas. 

Bradford  Torrey's  Birds  in  the  Bush, 
A  Rambler's  Lease. 

Wallace's  Darwinism,  Island  Life, 
Malay  Archipelago. 

R.  Jeffries' s  Excursions,  Field  and 
Hedgerow. 

Allen's  Common  Sense  Science,  Colors 
of  Flowers. 


Agassiz's  Journey  in  Brazil,  Geologi- 
cal Sketches,  Methods  in  Natural 
History. 

Winchell's  Sketches  of  Creation,  Pre- 
Adamites. 

Guyot's  Earth  and  Man,  Creation. 

Thoreau's  A  Week  on  the  Concord, 
Maine  Woods,  Cape  Cod,  Excur- 
sions, Walden. 

Gray's  Darwiniana,  Scientific  Papers 
(vols.  1  and  2). 

Burroughs's  Works.  (See  "  Essays.") 

Fiske's  Destiny  of  Man,  Idea  of 
God,  Beginnings  in  New  Eng- 
land, etc. 

The  International  Science  Series  (ac- 
curate and  popular,  an  excellent 
series) . 


INDEX  TO   HISTORICAL  COLUMN. 


True  to  two  letters. 


Anr,  57. 

Acre,  13. 

Adams,  John,  7::,  78. 

Adams,  J.  Q>,  78. 

Adams,  Samuel,  71. 

Agiocourtt,  15. 

Alaska,  9  I 

Albert,  58. 

Albert  Edward, 

Alexander  II.,  02,  7  1,  ^\  105. 

Alexander  III.,  loo. 

Alfred,  10. 

Alma  Tadema,  63. 

Amadeus,  L0  I. 

America  discovered,  17. 

Ampere,  44. 

Andersen,  59. 

Andre,  7;;. 

Angelo,  17. 

AnUetamt,  93. 

Aram,  36. 

Ariosto,  18. 

Arkwright,  37. 

Armada,  21. 

Arminius  (soldier),  9. 

Armlnlua  (reformer),  20. 

Arthur,  King,  9. 

Arthur,  ('.  A.,  105. 

Aabburton,  70. 

Atlantic  cable,  50,  00,  98. 

Augabnrg,  18. 
Austerlltzf,  •"' 

Australia  discovered,  23. 

B  tJ  \ZET,  14. 

Balfe,  59. 
Ballol,  13. 
Balxae,  51. 
Bannockbnrnf,  13. 

irossa,  11. 
Harnett,  16. 

II. u  num. 

B  urometer,  25. 
Bayard,  <  hevalier,  17. 
Bazalne,  18. 
Be  iti  Ice  I  lend,  23. 
Becket,  12. 
Beethoven,  44. 
Belgian  Independent,  50. 
Bellini,  59. 
Bennett,  .1.  0.,  loo. 
Bei  aadotte,  46. 
Bessemer,  56. 
Bismarck,  B0. 
Black  Death,  14. 

Blackwood, 
Blenbelmf,  88. 
Blnoher,  47. 
I '•  n  sacclo,  1 1. 
Bollean,  81. 
Boleyn,  17. 

Bonaparte,  11,  43,  15,  16,  17. 

7  ■ 

Bonheni 

Bo 

Booth,  Edwin,  56,  98. 

lia 


Booth,  .1.  B.,  56. 
Booth,  J.  W.,  56,  ''7. 
Borgia,  17. 
I:. ibu 'ii  Massacre,  71. 
Boston  Tea-Party,  72. 
Boasuet,  31. 
Bosworthf,  10. 
Bothwell,  21. 
Boucicault,  60. 
Boynef,  31. 
Bozzarls,  48. 
Brazil  a  republic,  111. 
Brazil  discovered,  17. 
Brazil  independent,  48. 
Bridgman,  01. 
Bright,  52. 
Brown,  .lohn,  49. 
Bruce,  13. 
Bruramel,  58. 
Buchanan,  89. 
Buffon,  37. 
Hull,  Die,  62. 
Bull  Bunf,  91. 
Hunker  Ilillf,  72. 
Burr,  76. 

Burbadge's  Theatre,  23. 
Burleigh  (Cecil),  19. 
Byron  in  Greece,  48. 

CjESAR,  9. 

California,  54,  83,  86. 
Calvin,  19. 
Cambridge,  10. 
i  'amoe'ns,  20. 

<  'anova,  46. 
Capet,  10. 

<  lapital,  44. 
Carnot,  03,  108. 
Castlereagh,  45. 
Catherine  II.,  40. 

Cecil  (Burleigh),  19. 
Cenci,  23. 

<  iensorship,  82. 
Centennial,  102. 
Cervantes,  23. 

( Ihalmers,  75. 

<  Ihalons,  9. 

( !hamplain,  67. 
i  lhampollion,  64. 
Chapultepecf,  B2\ 
i  liarlemagne,  10. 
Charleston  earthquake,  108. 
i  Ibarles  the  Bold,  io. 
i  Iharles  the  Pat,  10. 
Charles  V.,  17,  19. 
Charles  XII.,  32,  34. 

<  Iharlea  I.  executed,  28 
Cha.se,  88. 

i  lhateanbriand,  45. 
Chicago  lire,  100. 

Chieamaugat,  95. 

Christ, '.'. 

Clbber,  36. 

Civil  War  (England),  28. 

i'i\il    War    (United    Btatee  . 

Clay,  17,  77. 
I  lleveland,  107 


( 'live,  37. 

Cloth  of  Gold,  18. 

Cobbett,  51. 

Cobden,  52. 

Columbus,  67. 

( lommonwealtb,  27,  6S. 

Comte,  51. 

Confederate  States,  90. 

Congress  (Berlin),  01. 

Congress  (Continental),  72. 

Connecticut,  07. 

<  lonstantine,  9. 
Constitution  (U.  S.),  42,  73. 

Conk,  38. 

Copernicus,  18. 
Corday,  43. 
Corneille,  28. 
Corn  Laws,  53. 
Cornwallis,  73. 
Corot,  100. 
Correggio,  19. 
Cortez,  18. 
Cotton-gin,  43. 

<  'ouncil  of  Nice,  9. 
Coup  d'fitat,  55. 
Crecyt,  14. 

<  'richton,  22. 
Crimean  War,  56. 
Cromwell,  26,  29. 
Cruden,  36. 
Cruikshank,  54. 
Crusades,  11. 
Cullodent,  36. 
Cushman,  101. 
Custer  massacre,  102. 
Cuvier,  53. 

Daouerre,  49. 
Danish  invasion,  10. 
Dante,  12. 

Darnley,  21. 
Daudet,  61. 

Da  Vinci,  17. 

1  >:ivis,  Jefferson,  97. 

Declaration  of  Independence, 

41,  72. 
Delaware  settled,  68. 
De  Medici,  Catherine,  20. 
lie  Medici,  Lorenzo,  17. 
De  Montfort,  12. 
1  tescartes,  27. 
De  Soto,  17. 
De  Stael,  40. 
De  Tocqueville,  57. 
Dettingenf,  36. 
Diderot,  86. 
Dominic,  12. 
I), .in  Pedro  II.,  80. 
Donizetti,  57. 
Dore,  63. 
Drake,  21. 
Hit  Barri,  35. 
I  mi  Chaillu,  56. 
Dudevant,  59. 
Dudley  (Leicester),  19. 
Dumas,  58. 
DUrer,  17. 
Dutch  in  America,  24,  67. 


Index  to  Historical   Column. 


119 


Edict  op  Nantes,  23. 

Revocation,  31. 
Edward  the  Confessor,  10. 
Egbert,  10. 
Electric  light,  61. 
Elzevirs,  23. 

Emancipation,  49,  OS,  93. 
English  Church,  18. 
English  in  Commons,  15. 
English  in  court,  14. 
Essex,  21,  23. 
Ether,  53. 
Euler,  36. 

Fahrenheit,  35. 

Fairfax,  26. 

Faneuil,  69. 

Farragut,  96. 

Faust,  17. 

Fawkes,  23. 

Fenelon,  31. 

Fichte,  51. 

Field,  99. 

Fifteenth  Amendment,  99. 

Fillmore,  84. 

First  Continental  Congress,72. 

Flodden  Fieldt,  17. 

Florida  ceded,  77. 

Flotow,  60. 

Fontenoyt,  36. 

Forrest,  100. 

Fort  Sumter,  91. 

Fouque,  78. 

Fox,  George,  30. 

Fra  Diavolo,  46. 

Francis  Joseph,  83. 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  37. 

Franklin,  Sir  John,  55. 

Frederick  I.  (Prussia),  69. 

Frederick  the  Great,  36,  38. 

French  Academy,  27. 

French  and  Indian  War,  37, 

70. 
French  Republic,  100. 
French  Revolution,  43-73. 
French  settled  America,  67. 
Froebel,  51. 
Fulton,  45,  74. 

Galileo,  23. 

Gall,  51. 

Gambetta,  61. 

Garfield,  61,  104,  105. 

Garibaldi,  54,  58. 

Gay-Lussac,  51. 

Genevan  award,  101. 

Genghis  Khan,  12. 

George  IV.,  77. 

George  Sand,  59. 

Georgia  settled,  69. 

Gettysburg!,  58,  94. 

Gilbert,  63. 

Godfrey  of  Bouillon,  11. 

Goethe,  44. 

Gold  in  California,  54,  83. 

Goodyear,  49,  81. 

Gordon,  62. 

Gounod,  62. 

Granada  taken,  17. 

Grant,  60,  99,  107. 

Great  Plague  and  Fire,  30. 

Greece  independent,  48,  49. 

Greenough,  85. 

Grevy,  104. 

Grotius,  25. 

Grouchy,  45. 

Guizot,  4S. 

Gustavus  Adolphus,  27. 

Habeas  Corpus,  30. 
Hahnemann,  50. 


Hale,  2S. 

Hallam,  A.  II.,  62. 

Hamilton,  39,  74. 

Hampden,  26. 

Hancock,  71. 

Handel,  33. 

Hapsburgs,  12. 

Haroun  Al  Raschid,  10. 

Harrison,  Benjamin,  109. 

Harrison,  W.  H.,  81. 

Harvard  College,  28,  68. 

Harvey,  25. 

Hastingsf,  10. 

Hastings,  Warren,  42. 

Haydn,  41. 

Hayes,  102. 

Hegel,  51. 

Henry  of  Navarre,  23. 

Hogarth,  34. 

Hohenlindenf,  44. 

Houdin,  55. 

House  of  Commons,  12. 

House  of  Hanover,  33. 

Howe,  82. 

Hugo,  60. 

Humbert,  62. 

Humboldt,  46. 

Hundred  Years'  War,  13. 

Huss,  15. 

Hyder  Ali,  41. 

Ingersoll,  R.  G.,  102. 
Inquisition,  12. 
Ireland,  44,  53,  104. 
Irving,  Henry,  61. 
Ivan  IH.,  17. 
Ivryt,  23. 

Jack  Cade,  15. 
Jackson,  Andrew,  76,  80. 
Jackson,  Stonewall,  93. 
Jamestown  settled,  07. 
Jefferson,  Joseph,  102. 
Jefferson,  Thomas,  74,  78. 
Jenaf,  45. 
Jenner,  34. 
Joan  of  Arc,  15. 
Johnson,  Andrew,  98,  99. 
Johnstown  flood,  110. 
Josephine,  43,  45. 

Kane,  56. 

Kansas  admitted,  90. 

Kansas  Nebraska  Bill,  88. 

Kant,  50. 

Kean,  47. 

Kellermann,  43,  44. 

Kellogg,  103. 

Kembles,  the,  44. 

Kepler,  25. 

Kidd,  69. 

Knox,  19. 

Koliuf,  38. 

Kosciusko,  43. 

Kossuth,  54,  90. 

La  Fayette,  42,  78. 
Lamartiue,  58. 
La  Motte  Fouque,  78. 
Lancasters,  the,  15. 
Land  League,  62. 
Landseer,  57. 
Lansdowne,  105. 
La  Place,  39. 
La  Salle,  33. 
Lavater,  41. 
Lavoisier,  41. 
Law,  John,  34. 
Lawrence,  75. 
Lee,  90,  97. 
Leibnitz,  33. 


Leicester,  19. 
Leidy,  87. 
Leipsict,  27,  46. 
Leo  X.,  17. 
Leo  XIII.,  61. 
Lepantof ,  23. 
Le  Sage,  33. 
Leverrier,  54. 
Lexingtonf  72. 
Liebig,  54. 
Lincoln,  59,  91,  97. 
Lind,  Jenny,  50. 
Linnaeus,  36. 
Lisbon  earthquake,  37. 
Liszt,  62. 

Locomotive,  50,  54. 
Logan,  70. 
Lollards,  15. 
Long  Parliament,  28,  29. 
Lope  de  Vega,  23. 
Lome,  104. 
Louis  XIII.,  26. 
Louis  XIV.,  29,  32,  33. 
Louis  XV.,  35,  69. 
Louis  XVI.,  43,  72. 
Louis  XVIII. ,  47,  76. 
Louis  Philippe,  50. 
Louisburg  taken,  70. 
Louisiana  purchase,  74. 
Loyola,  ]8. 
Luther,  17,  18. 
Lutzeuf,  27,  46. 

Macbeth,  10. 
Machiavelli,  17. 
MacMahon,  59,  101. 
Macready,  47. 
Madison,  75. 
Magellan,  17,  67. 
Magentaf,  56. 
Magna  Charta,  12. 
Mahomet  Ali,  53. 
Mail  coaches,  42. 
Malplaquetf,  33. 
Manning,  62. 
Marat,  43. 
Marengot,  44. 
Margaret  of  Anjou,  16. 
Maria  Theresa,  35. 
Marie  Antoinette,  43. 
Marie  Louisa,  45. 
Mariotte,  32. 
Marlborough,  33. 
Marston  Moorf,  28. 
Martel,  10. 
Maryland,  67. 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  21. 
Mather,  29,  32. 
Maximilian,  17,  60. 
Mayflower,  26. 
Mazarin,  26. 
Mazeppa,  31. 
McClellan,  94. 
McClosky,  90. 
Melancthon,  18. 
Mendelssohn,  59. 
Mesmer,  38. 
Metternich,  48. 
Mexican  War,  54. 
Mexico  independent,  77. 
Meyerbeer,  58. 
Microscopes,  25. 
Millais,  61. 
Mirabeau,  38. 
Missouri  Compromise,  47. 
Mohammed,  9. 
Moliere,  29. 
Moltke,  58. 
Mommsen,  49. 
Monroe,  77. 
Montaigne,  25. 


120 


Index  to  Historical   Column. 


Montesquieu,  34. 

Montezuma,  18. 

1 ,  24. 
Morgarti  nt,  13. 
M.>ri  la,  Robert,  70. 
Mm  -  'I . 

.u  burned,  46,  75, 
Mozart,  82. 
Munchausen,  86. 

Murillo,  29. 

NAFIXR,  _ 

Napoleon,  1 1,  4".,  45,  16,  47,  73, 
.n  api  ileon  [II.,  65,  87. 
Nasebyt,  28. 
Nash,  Beau,  40. 

Naval -in« > * .    1  I. 

Necker,  88. 

Nelson,  44,  45. 
Nero, '.'. 

New  ( trleansf,  76. 
Ney,  46. 

Niebuhr,  4->. 
Nightingale,  56. 
Nilsson,  63. 
Normans,  10. 
Nullification,  80. 

O'Connell,  40. 
Odoacer,  9. 
( tffenbach,  57. 
Ole  Ball,  62. 
i  Ithman,  13. 
Oxenstierne,  26. 

I'AiiANIN!,    It. 

Paine,  89. 

Partition  of  l'oland,  41. 

Pascal,  29. 

Paul  (Czar),  44. 

Peabody,  87. 

Peel,  51. 

Pennsj  Ivania  settled,  32,  68. 

Percy,  15. 

Perry  (Commodoi  e  ,89 

Terry's  victor}  f,  46,  76. 

Peter  the  Great,  88,  35. 

Petition  of  Rights,  26. 

Philip  II.,  19. 

Phonograph,  02. 

Pierce,  B7. 

Pitt,  45,  7o,  71. 

I  Izarro,  18. 

Plantagenets,  12, 

Pocahontas,  67. 

PoYtierst,  14. 

Polk,  81. 

Toinpadoiir,  IJ.'i. 

--in,  27. 
Powers,  101. 
Printing,  i">. 
Pulaski,  4:;. 
Pultowaf,  84. 
Pym,  26. 

QUSBBO  si:  i  FLBD,  61 

Quebec  taken,  70. 
BUaaLAia,  19. 

B,  81. 

Raglai 
Ralkes,  12 

o  id  riots,  108. 
b,  67. 
Randol)  b.  ]  i 
Raphael,  17. 
Reaumur,  35. 

irmation,  17. 
Reign  of  Tei  roi 
Rembrandt,  30. 


Ri'-musat,  51. 
Kenan,  53. 

Rev<  re,  74. 

Reynolds,  36. 

Rhode  Island,  G8. 

Richelieu,  20. 

Ricbter,  45. 

Kienzi,  14. 

Rizzio,  21. 

Robespierre,  39,  4.".. 

Robin  Hood,  11. 

Rob  Roy,  33. 

Rochefoucauld,  30. 

Romans,  9. 

Rossini,  44. 

Rothschild,  39. 

Rousseau,  41. 

Royal  Society,  30. 

Rubens,  27. 

Rubenstein,  61. 

Russo-Turkish  Wai ,  61,  103. 

SADOWAt,  60,  98. 

St.  Albansf,  16. 

St.  Bartholomew,  20. 

st.  Pierre,  39. 

Salem  Witchcraft,  G8. 

Salvator  Rosa,  29. 

Santa  Anna,  54.  sj. 

Saracens,  9. 

Saratoga.,  42,  72. 

Sardou,  63. 

Savonarola,  20. 

Saxe,  36. 

Saxon  Invasion,  9. 

Schiller,  42. 

Bchlegels,  the,  -4  •'>. 

Schopenhauer,  51. 

Schubert,  52. 

Schumann,  59. 

Scott  (General),  54,  7'.). 

Sebastopolf,  56. 

Secession,  90. 

Sedanf,  60,  100. 

Seminole  War,  80. 

Sempachf,  14. 

Sepoy  mutiny,  56. 

Seven  Years'  War,  38. 

Sevigne,  81. 

Sherman  (General),  96. 

Bhilohf,  92. 

Slave  trade,  19. 

Smith  (Captain),  23. 

Smith,  Joseph,  78. 

Solferinof ,  56. 

Soliman  II.,  17. 

Sotliern,  101. 

Bonth  Carolina  settled,  OS. 

South  Sea  Rubble,  34. 

Specie     Paviueiits     resumed 

104. 
Spinoza,  32. 
Stamp  Act,  II,  71. 
Stanley,  56, 
Stanton,  92. 
Star  of  West,  90. 

Stephenson,  <  leorge,  »4. 
Steuben,  71. 

Stradivari,  84. 
Strauss,  59. 

stuait,  Gilbert,  74. 
irts,  21,24,  28. 
Btuyvesant,  30 

Sue",  69. 

sue/ 1  lanal,  60. 

Sullivan,  Sir  A.,  63. 

Swedenborg,  35. 
Switzerland  Independent,  47. 

Taine,  ,ri7. 
Tallej  rand,  40. 


Tamerlane,  14. 
Tasso,  22. 
Taylor,  S4. 
Telegraph,  52,  53,  81. 
Telephone,  61. 
Telescope,  23. 
Test  Act,  52. 
Tewksburyf,  16. 
Texas,  80,  81. 
Thiers,  100. 
Thirty  Years'  War,  27. 
Thomas,  90. 
Titian,  19. 
Tooke,  39. 
Torquemada.-lO. 
Torricelli,  25. 
Toursf,  10. 
Towtont,  16. 
Trat'algarf ,  45. 
Trajan,  9. 
Tudors,  17. 
Turenne,  29. 
Turguenieff,  60. 
Turner,  56. 
Tycho  Brahe,  25. 
Tyler  (Wat),  14. 

u.  s.  independent,  42. 

Vaccination,  34. 

Valmvt,  43. 

Van  Buren,  81. 

Vanderbilt,  102. 

Van  Dyke,  27. 

Van  Eyck,  15. 

Vassar,  100. 

Verdi,  62. 

Vicksburgf,  94. 

Victor  Emmanuel,  58,  91. 

Victoria,  80. 

Virginia  settled,  24. 

Volta,  53. 

Voltaire,  36. 

Wagner,  62. 

Wagramf,  45. 

Wakefleldf,  16. 

Wallace,  12. 

Wallenstein,  24,  27. 

War  of  1812,  40,  75,  70. 

War  with  Mexico,  82. 

Wars  of  Roses,  10. 

Warwick,  16. 

Washington  (General),  38,43, 

73. 
Washington  taken,  76. 
Waterloof,  70. 

Watt,  41. 

Wat  Tyler,  14. 

Wayne,  72. 

Weber,  44. 

Wellington,  41,46. 

Whitney,  Eli,  43,  73. 

Wilberforce,  47. 

Wilderness*,  95. 

William  I.  (Germany) , 63, 100. 

William  IV,  SO. 

William  the  Conqueror,  10, 11, 

William  the  Silent,  20. 
Wolfe  (General),  37,  70. 
Wolsey,  17, 18. 
Wren,  32. 

Xavier,  18. 

Yorks,  THE,  10. 

Zulu  War,  62. 
Zwingle,  18. 


INDEX    TO   AUTHORS. 


Abbott,  Jacobf,  103. 
Abbott,  J.  8.  C.f,  93. 
Abbott,  Lymant,  91. 
Adams,  C.  F.f,  103. 
Adams,  Hannahf,  78. 
Adams,  Johnf,  71. 
Adams,  J.  Q.j,  76. 
Adams,  W.  T.f,  105. 
Addison,  34. 
Agassizt,  87. 
Ainsworth,  59. 
Akenside,  41. 
Alcott,  Bronsont,  85. 
Alcott,  L.  M.f,  107. 
Alcuin,  10. 
Alden,  Josephf,  92. 
Alden,  Mrs.f,  10S. 
Aldhem,  10. 
Aldrichf,  ln7. 
Alexauder,  Addisont,  70. 
Alexander,  Archibald  f,  75. 
Alford,  53. 
Alfred,  10. 
Alfric,  10. 
Alison,  39. 
Allen,  A.  V.  G.t,  91. 
Allen,  Grant,  55. 
Allen,  J.  II. t,  90. 
Allibonef,  101. 
Allstonf,  82. 
Ames|,  72. 

Ancient  English,  9. 
Andersont,  88. 

Anglo-Normans,  11. 

Anglo-Saxon,  9. 
Anthonf,  87. 
Aquinas,  12. 
Arbuthnot,  35. 
Arnold,  Edwin,  63. 
Arnold,  Matthew,  57,  63. 
Arnold,  Thomas,  48. 
Arthur,  T.  S.t,  1'i4. 
"  Artemas  Ward  "f,  96. 

Artificial  Poets,  33. 
Ascham,  18. 
Asser,  10. 
Audubonf,  81. 

Augustan  Age,  33. 
Austen,  58. 
Aytoun,  03. 

Bache,  A.  P.t,  81. 
Bacon,  Delia),  86. 
Bacon,  Francis,  26. 
Bacon,  Roger,  12. 
Bagby.f  96. 
Bagehot,  52. 
Bailey,  James,  03. 
Baillie,  Joanna,  46. 
Bain,  52. 
Bairdt,  88. 
Baker,  Samuel,  55. 
Baker,  W.  M.f,  106. 
Bale,  22. 

Ballads,  17. 
Ballou,  Hoseat,  75. 
Ballou,  M.  M.f,  94. 


Bancroft!,  93. 
Barbour,  14. 
Barclay,  17. 
Baring-Gould,  50. 
Barlowt,  74. 
Barnard},  86. 
Barnesf,  75. 
Barrow,  33. 
Bartlettt,  101. 
Bascomf,  92. 
Baxter,  29. 

Bay  Psalm  Bookt,  69. 
Beaconsfield,  59. 
Beattie,  41. 
Beaumont,  24. 
Beckford,  39. 
Bede,  10. 

Beecher,  11.  W.f,  90. 
Beecher,  Lyman  f,  75. 
Behn,  Mrs.,  32. 
Belknapf,  72. 
Bellamyt,  110. 
Benjaminf,  84. 
Bentham,  51. 
Bentley,  35. 
Bentonf,  76. 

Beowulf,  9. 
Berkeley,  35. 
Berners,  18. 
Besant,  61. 
Beverlyt,  70. 

Bibles,  19. 
Biddlef,  84. 
Bird,  B.  M.f,  104. 
Bishopf,  109. 
Black,  61. 
Blackie,  57. 
Blackmore,  33. 
Blackstone,  38. 
Blair,  Robert,  40. 
Blake,  42. 
Bledsoef ,  92. 
"  Blind  Harry,"  16. 
Bloomfield,  45. 
Bokerf,  98. 
Bolingbroke,  36. 
Boswell,  38. 
Bottaf,  86. 
Bouvierf,  77. 
Bowenf ,  92. 
Boyeseu.f  109. 
Boyle,  32. 
Brackenridgef ,  73. 
Braddon,  61. 
Bradford  f,  70. 
Bradstreetf,  69. 
Brewster,  ">4. 
Brodheadf,  94. 
Bronte,  59. 
Brook,  Henry,  39. 
Brook,  Lord'(Greville),  21. 
Brooke,  Stopford,  53. 
Brooks,  Phillipsf,  91. 
Brooks,  Mrs.t,  83. 
Brougham,  40. 
Brown,  C.  B.f ,  79. 
Brown,  Gooldf,  81. 


Brown,  Pr.  John,  57. 
Brown,  Thomas,  51. 
Browne,  C.  F.f,  96. 
Browne,  Sir  Thomas,  28. 
Browning,  62. 
Browning,  Mrs.,  62. 
Brownsonf,  90. 
Bryantt,  83. 
Buchanan,  18. 
Buckingham,  31. 
Buckland,  55. 
Buckle,  49. 
Bulwer  (father),  59. 
Bulwer  (son),  63. 
Bunyan,  3U. 
Burdettef,  96. 
Burke,  40. 
Burnets,  the,  33. 
Burnettf,  llu. 
Burney,  39. 
Burns,  43. 
Burrf,  69. 
Burrittf,  101. 
Burroughsf,  88. 
Burton,  28. 
Bushnellt,  90. 
Butler,  Joseph,  38. 
Butler,  Samuel,  30. 
Butler,  W.  A.f,  98. 
Bylest,  69. 
Byrdt,  70. 
Byron,  44. 

CABLEt,  109. 
Oaedmon,  10. 
Calhounf,  76. 
Calvertf,  93. 

Campbell,  Alexanderf,  75. 
Campbell,  George,  38. 
Campbell,  Thomas,  43. 
Canning,  41. 

Canterbury  Tales,  14. 
Carew,  27. 
Carey,  34. 
Carey,  H.  C.f,  89. 
Carlyle,  48,  57. 
Carys,  thet,  98. 
Catlinf,  93. 

Cavalier  Poets,  26. 
Cave,  36. 
Caxton,  16. 

Celtic  Writers,  9. 
Chalkhill,  28. 
Chalmers,  53. 
Champneyl,  110. 
Channingt,  75. 
Chapint,  91. 
Chapman,  21. 
Chatterton,  42. 
Chaucer,  14. 
Chesterfield,  35. 

Chevy  Chase,  17. 
Childf,  80. 
Chillingworth,  28. 
Choatef,  77. 
Church,  A.  J.,  50. 
Church,  Benjaminf,  70. 

121 


L22 


Index  to  Authors. 


Churchill,  41, 
Clarke,  Mary  C 
Clarkef,  90. 

lie  A-.-,  33,  34. 
.  76 

rgy  (English), 
Olem 

Clough,  63. 
lent,  :'>- 
ii  Idge,  4''.,  51. 
i ,  ;;  I. 
Collins,  William,  41. 
Collins,  Wilkie,  61. 
Collyer,  Robert f,  91. 

I  'ollllall,  46. 

ilonial  Periodf,  0". 

( 'onuTovc, 
Conn 

Cook,  ,  92 

.  Rose  P.f, 

i,  J.  k.'. 

Cook.\  P.  IV.  97. 
i  tooper,  J.  F.| 

i  lorsonj ,  102, 

Cottoi 

( ktttonf,  67. 

i  'on,---,  88. 

Coverdale,  19. 

( lowley,  Abraham,  "27. 

ley,  Hannah,  11. 
( lowper,  42. 
Cox,  I.  S.t,  94. 

.  ibe,  42. 
'« Craddock  "f,  110. 
Cralk,  61. 

Crallrht.  -I. 

( Iranmer,  19. 
i  Irashaw,  27. 
( Irawfordf,  ill. 
isy,  4'.». 
( iritlcs,  Btnglisb,  66. 
1  [owardf,  '.'1. 
( Irowne,  :;i . 
i  ludworth,  30. 
CummioBf,  I 
<  lurran,  W 
Cartiaf,  102. 
Onylerf, 
( lynewulf,  10. 

D ALTON,  53. 

Dana,  Mrs.t,  B4. 

Dana,  ft.  II.*,  B2. 

Dan  .,  ft.  II.,  Jr.f,  104. 

Daniel.  21. 

D'Arblaj . 

I  ):n  win,  ( Ibarlea,  G  i. 

I  i.iruni,  Erasmus,  41. 

Davenant,  31. 

Davleaf,  81. 

I  ».i\  lea,  -I . 

1 1 ,'...,  Jefferaonf, 

Davis,  ft.  II. t.  107. 

Davy,  63. 

Defoe, 

Dekker,  24. 

De  Lan  I*.  110. 

I),-  la  ftarae,  62. 

De  Mlllef,  107. 

I  >••  Morgan,  51. 

Dennam,  28. 

De  Qnlncey, 

Derbyt, 

De  Veret,  B7. 

108. 
I  At  klnaon,  Johnt,  71 
Dicklni  in,  Jon  ithanf,  68. 


Dicksont,  100. 
Dldiert,  102. 
Diaraeli,  Benjamin,  59. 
I  lisraeli,  Isaac,  50. 
Dixon,  49. 
I  loanef,  75. 
Doddridge,  40. 
Dodgef,  103. 
Domic,  26. 
Donnellyt,  102. 
I  ibuglas,  17. 

asat,  94. 
I  lowningt,  s'-. 
Draket,  B3. 
Drama, 

<  lorrupt,  31. 

I  lawn  of,  21. 

Elizabetban,  22. 

Modern,  40. 
Draperf,  87. 
Drayton,  20. 
Drummond,  21. 
Dryden,  31. 
Dunbar,  17. 
I  tunglisont,  81. 
Dnnatan,  10. 
1  tuponceanf,  81. 
Dnyckincks,  tlief,  101. 
Dwightt,  73. 
Dyer,  40. 

Earle,  28. 
Edgewortb,  58. 
"  Edmund  Klrke"t,  105. 
Edwards,  Amelia  B.,  61. 
Edwards,  Jonathan!,  6  I. 

glestont,  107. 
»  Eliot,  George,"  60. 
Eliot,  Johnt,  68. 

Elizabetban  Era,  19. 
Elletf,94. 
Elyt,89. 
Elyot,  18. 
Emersont,  85. 
Emmets,  the,  40. 
Ercildoun,  12. 
Erigena,  10. 
Erskine,  40. 

Essayists,  50. 
Evans,  Marian,  60. 
Evelyn,  30. 
Everetts,  tliet,  77. 

Faryan,  18. 

Faerie  Queene,  20. 
Fairfax,  21. 
Falconer,  41. 
"  Fanny  Fern"t,  101. 
"  Fanny  Forrester  " 
Faraday,  54. 
Farjeon,  61. 
Farqubar,  32. 
Fawcettt, 

ndent,  82. 

Feudalism,  11. 

Fiction,  Recent  English,  59, 
Fielding,  36. 
Fieldet,  101. 
Filmer,  28. 
Finleyf,  106. 
Fisher,  Q  .  91. 

.  92. 
Fletcher,  Giles,  27. 
Fletcher,  J.  Ct,  94. 
iher,  John,  24. 
Fletcher,  Pbineas,  26. 
Flint,  Austin*.  B8. 
Flint,  Tiraotbj 
Kli>riu,  'J.' 

Footet,  109. 
Kord,  24. 


Forgers,  42. 

Formative  Period,  13. 
Forster,  49. 
Fosterf,  99. 
Fortescue,  10. 
Fux,  C.  J.,  4(i. 
Fox,  John,  19. 
Franklint,  71. 
Francis,  38. 
Freeman,  50. 

French  Influence,  31. 
Freneaut,  73. 
Froude,  49. 
Fuller,  Margarett,  86. 
Fuller,  Thomas,  28. 
Furness,  II.  II. t,  103. 
Furness,  William  H.',  :.".. 
Fyffe,  51. 

"Gail  Hamilton "t,  103. 

Gallaudett,  85. 

( Warrick,  38. 

Garrisont,  89. 

Gascoigne,  20. 

Gaskell,  Mrs.,  59. 

"  Gath  "t.  103. 

Gauden,  28. 

Gay,  34. 

Geotlrey  of  Monmouth,  12. 

Georgef,  89. 

"  George  Eliot,"  GO. 

Gibbon,  37. 

< ;  ifford,  56. 

Gildhas,  9. 

Gilesf,  100. 

Gilmanf,  85. 

(iilinoref,  105. 

Glad.lent.91. 

Gladstone,  49. 

Godfreyf,  73. 

Godwin,  Parkef,  94. 

Godwin,  William,  39. 

Golden  Age,  19. 
Goldsmith,  36,  41. 
Goodrichf,  85. 
Gordon,  44. 
Gosson,  25. 
Gouldf,  83. 

Gould  (Baring-Gould),  50. 
Gower,  14. 

"Grace  Greenwood "f,  105. 
Grant,  Robertf,  100. 
ti rattan,  40. 
( Iiay,  A>at,  87. 
<  tray,  Thomas,  41. 
Greeleyt,  93. 
I  l-reen,  Anna  I\.|,  110. 

Green,  J.  B 

( treene,  A.  G.t,  84. 
( ireene,  Matthew,  40. 
Greene,  Robert,  22. 
( Ireville,  21. 
Griswoldt,  B6. 
(irosseteste,  11. 
Grote,  48. 
Guyotti  87. 

IlABUERTONt,  96. 

Habington,  27. 
Hadleyt,  87. 
Haggard,  62. 
Hakluyt,  25. 
ii  ile,  E.  E.t,  105. 

Hale,  lloratiot,  87. 
Halifax,  33. 

Hall,  Edward,  18. 
Hall,  Johnt,  90. 
Hall,  Joseph,  21. 
Hall,  Robert,  52. 

liallam,  47. 
!  l.llt-ckt,  83. 


Index  to  Authors. 


123 


Hamerton,  58. 
Hamilton,  Alexander!,  72. 
Hamilton,  Sir  William,  51. 
Hammond!,  88. 
Hardy,  A.  S.f,  109. 
Hardy,  Thomas,  61. 
Hare,  50. 
Harrington,  30. 
Harris,  Joel  C.t,  110. 
"Harry  the  Minstrel,"  16. 
Hartf,  100. 
Harte,  Brett,  99. 
Hawes,  17. 
Hawkesworth,  38. 
Hawthorne,  J.t,  109. 
Hawthorne,  N.t,  103. 
Hayf,  99. 
Hayes  t,  95. 
Hayne,  P.  H.f,  99. 
Hayne,  R.  Y.f,  77. 
Haven  t,  80. 
Hazlitt,  56. 
Heber,  45. 
Helps,  57. 
Hemans,  45. 
Henry,  Joseph!,  81. 
Henry,  Patrickf,  71. 
Henryson,  17. 
Hentzf,  80. 
Herbert,  George,  26. 
Herbert,  Lord,  28. 
Herrick,  27. 
Herschel,  54. 
Heywood,  John,  22. 
Heywood,  Thomas,  24. 
"H.  H."t,  107. 
Hickokf,  92. 
Higden,  12. 
Higginsonf,  102. 
Hilarius,  11. 
Hildrethf,  93. 
Hillhousef,  82. 
Historians, 

18th  century,  37. 

19th  century,  47. 
History,  Development  of, 

18. 
Hitchcock!,  81. 
Hobartf,  74. 
Hobbes,  29. 
Hodgef.90. 
Hoffmanf,  80. 
Hogg,  43. 
Holcroft,  39. 
Holinshed,  25. 
Holland!,  98,  104. 
Holleyt,  96. 

Holmes,  O.  W.f,  100,  104. 
Holmes,  M.  J.,  108. 
Home,  38. 
Hood,  44. 

Hooker,  Richard,  25. 
Hooker,  Thomasf,  68. 
Hope,  39. 

Hopkins,  Samuel!,  72. 
Hopkins,  Markf,  90. 
Hopkinson,  F.f,  73. 
Hopkinson,  J.t,  82. 
Howard,  Blanche!,  111. 
Howard  (Surrey),  17. 
Howe,  John,  33. 
Howe,  Julia  Ward!,  97. 
Howellsf,  108. 
Howitts,  the,  56. 
Hoyle,  36. 

Hudson,  H.  N.f,  101. 
Hudson,  M.  C.f,  108. 
Hughes,  61. 
Hume,  37. 
Hunt,  44. 
Hutchinson!,  72. 


Huttonf,  103. 
Huxley,  55. 
Hyde,  30. 

"Ike  Marvel"!,  105. 

Impostors,  42. 
Inchbald,  39. 
Ingelow,  63. 
Ingersoll,  C.  J.f,  78. 
Ingersoll,  Ernest!,  89. 

Interludes,  22. 
Ireland,  42. 
Irvingf,  78. 

Italian  Influence,  16. 

Jackson,  H.  H.f,  107. 

James,  H.f,  90. 

James,  H.,  Jr.f,  108. 

James  of  Scotland,  15. 

Jameson,  57. 

Jayf,  71. 

Jefferson!,  71. 

Jeffrey,  56. 

Jerrold,  57. 

Jevons,  52. 

Jewettf,  110. 

John  of  Salisbury,  11. 

Johnson,  Dr.,  37. 

Johnson,  Virginia!,  109. 

Jonson,  Ben,  23. 

"Josh  Billings"!.  95. 

Juddt,  80. 

Judsont,  80. 

"  Juuius,"  38. 

Kames,  38. 
Kane!,  82. 
Keats,  44. 
Keble,  53. 
Keightley,  48. 
Ken,  31. 
Kennan!,  95. 
Kennedy!,  80. 
Kent!,  76. 
Key!,  82. 

King  James  Bible,  19. 
Kinglake,  49,  55. 
Kingsley,  53,  60. 
Kirk,  Ellen  O.!,  108. 
Kirk,  J.  F.!,  94. 
"  Kirke,  Edmund"!,  105. 
Kirkland,  Mrs.!,  86. 
Knight,  48. 
Kuowles,  46. 
Knox,  18. 
Krauth!,  91. 
Kyd,  22. 

Lake  School,  45. 
Lamb,  56. 
Landor,  44. 
Lang,  63. 
Langland,  14. 
Langley!,  88. 
Lanierf,  103. 
Larcom!,  99. 
Lathropt,  110. 
Latimer,  18. 

Latin  Writers,  10,  11. 
Lawrence!,  77. 
Layamon,  12. 
Layard,  49. 
Lecky,  50. 
Lee,  Henry!,  73. 
Lee,  Nathaniel,  32. 
Legarti!,  77. 
Leighton,  29. 
Leland,  Charles  G.f,  95. 
Leland,  John,  18. 
Leslie!,  79. 


Lever,  59. 
Lewes,  G-.  H.,  52. 
Lewes,  Mrs.,  60. 
Lewis,  Dio!,  87. 
Lewis,  M.  G.,  40. 
Lewis,  Taylerf,  90. 
Lieber!,  77. 
Lingard,  47. 
Lippincott!,  105. 
Livingstone,  55. 
Locke,  D.  R.!,  96. 
Locke,  John,  32. 
Lockhart,  56. 
Lockyer,  55. 
Lodge,  H.  C.t,  95. 
Lodge,  Thomas,  25. 
Logan,  J.!,  70. 
Logan,  Olive!,  108. 
Longstreet!,  95. 
Longfellow!,  96. 
Lossing!,  93. 
Lovelace,  28. 
Lover,  59. 
Lowell!,  98, 101. 
Lubbock,  55. 
Lydgate,  15. 
Lyell,  54. 
Lyly,  22,  25. 
Lyndsay,  17. 
Lytton,  59. 

Macaulay,  48,  62. 

MacDonald,  61. 

Mackenzie,  Sir  George,  33. 

Mackenzie,  Henry,  39. 

Mackenzie,  Alexanders.!,  85. 

Mackintosh,  51. 

Macpherson,  42. 

Madison!,  72. 

Mahaffy,  50. 

Mahanf,  92. 

Maine,  Sir  Henry,  50. 

"Major  Downing"!,  95. 

Malory,  15. 

Malthus,  51. 

Mandeville,  John,  15. 

Mandeville,  B.,  36. 

Mann!,  85. 

Mansel,  52. 

Map,  11. 

"  Marian  Harland"!,  107. 

"Mark  Twain"!,  96. 

Marlowe,  23. 

Marryat,  58. 

Marsh!,  82. 

Marshall!,  78. 

Marston,  24. 

"  Martha  Farquharson  "f,  106. 

Martineau,  49. 

Marvell,  27. 

Masques,  22. 
Massey,  63. 
Massiuger,  24. 
Masson,  50. 
Mather,  Cotton!,  68. 
Mather,  Increaset,  68. 
Mather,  Richardt,  68. 
Maxwell,  55. 
McCarthy,  50. 
McCosh!,  92. 
McLeod,  53. 
"  Meredith,"  63. 
Meres,  25. 
Merivale,  49. 

"Metaphysical  Poets,"  26. 
Middleton,  36. 
Miller,  Hugh,  54. 
Miller,  Joaquin!,  100. 
Miller,  Samuel!,  75. 
Mill,  James,  51. 
Mill,  John  S.,  51. 


124 


Index  to  Authors. 


Milman.  4s\ 
Milton,  -J'.'. 
Mlnot,  IS. 

Miracles,  21. 
Mitchell,   D.  G.f,  105. 
Mitchell,  B.  W.t,  106. 
\i  Itford,  M  Iss, 
Mltford,  William,  -17. 

Modern  English,  i •  •  . 

Modern   Life,  period  of,  13. 
Monroef,  tj. 
Montagu,  35. 
Montgomery,  45, 
Moore,  Thomas,  41. 
Moore,  I !.  O.f,  82. 

Moralities,  22. 
More,  Hannah,  39. 
More,  Henrj .  30. 
More,  Sir  Thomas,  18. 
Morfordf,  105. 
Morley,  57. 

Morns,  (i.  I'.!,  si. 

Morris,  I  loin  ern«  urf,  72. 
Mori  s,  Willi, mi,  63, 
Morions,  tbef,  70. 
Motleyt,  93. 
Moultonf,  107. 
"  \h-.  Partington  "f, '.>... 
Midler,  55, 
Mnlock,  61. 
Mungerf,  91. 
Murfreef,  110. 
MorehlBon,  54. 
Murra}  ',  72. 
Mysteries,  21. 

NAPIER,  48. 
"  N.i»by"t,  96. 
Nash,  23. 

National  Periodf,  74. 
Newcombf,  ss- 
Newman,  53. 
Newton,  Sir  Isaac,  33. 
Newtonf,  91, 
Nicholas  ol  i  luildford,  1.1. 

Nineteenth  Centurj ,  17-74. 
Nordhofff,  89. 
Norton,  62. 

Novelists,    English,  36,  ::  i, 
58. 

Novelists,   American  f,   79, 

Xuthrownc  Maid,  17. 
Nyef,  96. 

'  Id  I.KVE,  15. 

Ollphant,  60. 

Ive  Logan  "f,  108. 

"  I  Mivi-r  Optll 

Olmsted f,  Si, 
( Orators,  40. 

•  Inn,  12. 

'  I'Shaughness) ,  63. 
•■  Osaian,"  42. 

ddf,  ss. 

.  71. 
<  Itwaj  .  82, 

Ida," 

O verbury ,  25. 
Owenf,  90. 

I'm.i-  \s  i  -.  22. 
Paine,  R.  I    ■.  82. 
Paine,  Thomasf,  71. 
Paley, 

Palfreyti  ' '•■ 
Palgrave,  is. 
Palmer,  R  iy1   97. 
108 


Paradise  Lost,  29. 
Paris,  12. 
Park,  39. 
Parkerf,  76. 
Parkmanf,  (.)4. 
Parnell,  84. 
Par  ton,  Jamesf,  102. 
Parton,  Baranf,  101. 

Paston  Letters,  16. 
Patmore,  63. 
Pauldingf,  79. 
Payn,  61. 
Paynef,  83. 
1'ecock,  15. 
Peele,  22. 
Pepys,  80, 
Percivalf,  s:;. 
Percy,  43. 
Perryf,  108. 
Petty,  32. 

l'helps,  E.  S.f,  109. 
Philips,  31. 
Phillips,  Wendellf,  89. 

Philosophers,  51. 
Piatts,  Hut,  on. 
Pierpontf,  82. 

"  Piers  Ploughman,"  14. 
Piozzi  (Mrs.  Thrale),  39. 

l'itt,  40. 
Poef,  84. 
Pollok,  43. 
l'ooref,  94. 
Pope,  33. 

"  Porte  Crayon  "f,  101. 
Porter,  .lane,  08. 
Porter,  Noah),  92. 
Prenticef,  96. 
Prentissf,  loo. 
Prescottf,  93. 
Preston f,  99. 

Printing,  15. 
Trior.  :;4. 
Proctor,  55. 
Prynne,  28. 
I'm  chas,  25. 

Puritan  Era,  26. 
Puttenham,  25. 

QtURLES,  27. 
Quincyf,  78. 

KaI>(  l.IFI'F,  39. 

Raleigh,  25. 
Ramsay,  Allan,  34. 
Ramsay,  I  tavidf,  73. 
Rawlinson,  4'.'. 
Ray,  John,  30. 
Readf,  98. 
Reade,  •'•'.>. 
Reedf,  86. 
Reid,  Mayne,  60. 
Reid,  Thomas,  38. 
Reid,  Whitelawf,  103. 

Renaissance  Era,  16. 

Restoration  Era,  29. 

Ri  \  iewers,  66. 

Revolutionary  Period t,  70. 
Rexfordf,  loo. 
Ricardo,  51. 
Rice,  61 . 

Richard  de  Bury,  12. 
Richardson,  36. 
Rllej  t,  loo. 

Roberl  <  I  r<  .11. 

Robei  i  "i  Brunne,  13. 
Robert  of  Gloucester,  13. 
Robertson,  William,  :;7. 
Robertson,  P.  W.,  03. 
Roef,  108. 
Rogers,  J.,  19. 
s,  8.,  46. 


Rolfef,  102. 
Romantic  Poets, 

Dawn,  40. 

Era  of,  44. 
Rooseveltf,  95. 
Rossetti,  63. 
Rowe,  32. 
Rowsonf,  73. 
Rush,  B.f,  72. 
Rush,  J.f,  81. 
Ruskin,  52,  07. 
Russellf,  102. 

Sackvili.k,  20,  22. 
St.  John,  36. 
Sala,  61. 
Saltusf,  110. 

Bandyst,  67. 
Sargentf,  97. 
Savage,  M.  J.f,  91. 
Savage,  Richard,  34. 
Savile,  33. 

Saxef,  97. 

Saxon  Chronicle,  10. 
Schliemannf,  87. 
Schooleraftf,  85. 

Scientists,  53. 
Scott,  43,  58. 

Scotus,  John,  10;  Duns,  12. 
Scudderf,  lo8. 
Seccombf,  69. 

Sedgwick f,  79. 
Seidell,  28. 

Semi-Saxon,  12. 

Shaftesbury,  36. 
Shairp,  07. 
Shakespeare,  23. 
Sbawf,  95. 
Sheaf,  94. 
Shelley,  44. 
Shelley,  Mrs.,  08. 
Shenslone,  41. 
Bhepardf,  68. 

Sheridan,  40,  46. 
Sherlock,  Thomas,  33. 
Sherlock,  William,  36. 
Bhillaberf,  95. 
Shindlerf,  84. 
Shirley,  24. 
Sidney,  A.,  30. 
Sidney,  Philip,  20,  25 

Sigourneyf,  80. 
Bikesf,  108. 
Sillinianf,  81. 
Simmsf,  104. 
Skeat,  58. 
Skelton,  17. 
Skene,  49. 
Smiles,  49. 
Smith,  Adam,  38. 
Smith,  Horace,  40. 
Smith,  ('apt.  John),  67. 
Smith,  James,  4.'). 
Smith,  Sebaf,  95. 
Smith,  B.  F.|,  B4. 
Smith,  Sydney,  56. 
Smith,  Mrs.  E.  O.f,  104. 
Smollett,  36. 
Somerville,  Mary.  54. 
SomerviUe,  William,  34. 
South,  33. 
Bouthey,  46. 
Southworthf,  105. 
Southwell,  21. 
Bparksf,  79. 
Spedcling,  07. 
Spencer,  52. 
Spenser,  20. 
Spollbrd,  II.  P.f,  107. 
Spragne,  Chariest,  83. 
Spurgeon,  03. 


Index  to  Authors. 


125 


Stanley,  53. 

Stedraant,  102. 

Steele,  J.  D.f,  88. 

Steele,  Richard,  35. 

Stephens,  Alexander  11.  t,  9o. 

Stephens,  Ann  S.t,  105. 

Sterne,  36. 

Stevenson,  62. 

Stewart,  51. 

Stilesf,  72. 

Still,  22. 

Stocktonf,  107. 

Stoddard,  E.  D.  B.t,  105. 

Stoddard,  R.  H.f,  98. 

Stone,  W.  L.t,  79. 

Stone,  S.f,  68. 

Story,  Josephf,  76. 

Stow,  John,  25. 

Stowe,  H.  B.f,  104. 

Streetf,  97. 

Strickland,  49. 

Strotherf,  101. 

Stubbs,  50. 

Suckling,  27. 

Surrey,  17. 

Swift,  35. 

Swinburne,  63. 

Swintonf,  95. 

Symmesf,  81. 

Tait,  52. 

Talfourd,  46. 

Talmagef,  91. 

Taylor,  Jeremy,  29. 

Taylor,  John,  26. 

Taylor,  Bayardt,  94,  106. 

Temple,  32. 

Tennent,  55. 

Tennyson,  62. 

Terhunet,  107. 

Thackeray,  60. 

Thaxterf,  99. 

Thirlwall,  48. 

Thomas,  Editht,  111. 

Thomas,  Isaiahf,  78. 

Thomas,  J.t,  87. 

Thomas  of  Ercildoun,  12. 

Thompson,  Count  Rumfordt, 

73. 
Thompson,  D.  P.t,  80. 
Thompson,  Mauricet,  88. 
Thomson,  James,  41. 
Thomson,  Sir  William,  52. 
Thoreauf,  88. 
Thornton,  52. 
Thrale,  Mrs.,  39. 
Tickell,  34. 


Ticknorf,  92. 
Tillotson,  33. 
Tiltont,  91. 
Tourgeef,  10S. 
Towlet,  95. 
Townsendf,  103. 

Travelers,  55. 
Trench,  53. 

Trouveres,  12. 
Trollope,  59. 
Trowbridget,  106. 
Trumbullt,  73. 
Tuckermant,  101. 
Tudorf,  79. 
Tupper,  62. 
Tusser,  17. 
Tyler,  M.  C.t,  103. 
Tyler,  Royallf,  74. 
Tyndale,  19. 
Tyndall,  54. 

Udall,  22. 
Uphamt,  75. 
Usher,  28. 
Utopia,  18. 

Van  Brugh,  32. 
Vaughan,  28. 
Vaux,  17. 
Venablef,99. 
Verplanckf,  85. 
Veryt,  84. 
Vincentf,  91. 

Wace,  12. 

Walker,  Amasaf ,  77. 
Walker,  Francis  A.t,  89. 
Wallace,  A.  R.,  54. 
Wallace,  D.  M.,  51. 
Wallace,  H.  B.f,  86. 
Wallace,  Lewt,  106. 
Waller,  27. 
Walpole,  39. 
Walton,  30. 
Wardt,  69. 
Ward,  Mrs.,  62. 
Ware,  Henryf ,  74. 
Ware,  Williamt,  80. 
Warner,  C.  D.t,  106. 
Warner,  Susanf,  105. 
Warner,  William,  20. 
Warton,  Joseph,  41. 
Warton,  Thomas,  38. 
Washingtont,  71. 
Waterton,  55. 
Watts,  40. 


Way  land  f,  75. 
Webbf,  96. 
Webster,  Daniel f,  76. 
Webster,  John,  24. 
Webster,  Noahf,  81. 
Wellsf,  89. 
Wesleys,  the,  38. 
Whateley,  52,  53. 
Wheatleyf,  73. 
Wheatonf,  77. 
Whedont,  92. 
Whewell,  54. 
Whipplet,  101. 
White,  Gilbert,  38. 
White,  H.  K.,  45. 
White,  R.  G.f,  101. 
Whitmanf,  98. 
Whitney,  Mrs.t,  105. 
Whitney,  W.  l).f,  87. 
Whittierf,  97. 
Wigglesworthf,  69. 
Wildet,  82. 

William  of  Malmesbury,  11. 
William  of  Occam,  12. 
Williams,  J.t,  70. 
Williams,  Rogerf,  68. 
Willisf,  84. 

Wilson,  Alexander!,  81. 
Wilson,  John,  43,  56. 
Wilson,  Mrs.  A.  J.f,  107. 
Winchellf,  87. 
AVinsort,  94. 
Wintert,  103. 
Winthrop,  Georgef,  69. 
Winthrop,  Theodoret,  106. 
Wirtf,  78. 
Wither,  27. 
Witherspoont,  72. 
Wolcott,  John,  42. 
Wolcott,  Rogerf,  69. 
Wolfe,  45. 

Wood,  Mrs.  Henry,  60. 
Wood,  Williamt,  69. 
Wood  worth  t,  82. 
Woolmant,  72. 
Woolsonf,  109. 
Worcesterf,  81. 
Wordsworth,  45. 
Wotton,  21. 
Wrightf,  108. 
Wyatt,  17. 
Wycherly,  32. 
Wycliffe,  15. 
Wyntoun,  15. 

Yonge,  60. 
Young,  34. 


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